TRAFFIC study

Existing or possible future railroads and highways adjacent to the plant must be known in order to be able to plan rail sidings and access roads within the plant. Railroad spurs, roadways of the correct capacity and location, and an overall master track and road plan of the plant area should be provided for in a traffic study. 

R.J. Lederman, F.O. Mendelsohn, R.D. Anderson, J.F. Saucedo, A.N. Tenaglia, J.B. Hermiller, W.B. Hillegass, K. Rocha-Singh, T.E. Moon, M.J. Whitehouse, et al, Therapeutic angiogenesis with recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 for intermittent claudication (the TRAFFIC study) a randomised trial, Lancet 359, 2053-2058 (2002). 

Facts Engineer A, a professional en eer, performs a traffic study for Client X as part of the client s permit applicadon for traffic flow for the development of a store. Engineer A invoices Client X for a complete traffic study. 

Later, Client X learns that part of the traffic study provided by Engineer A to Client X was earlier developed by Engineer A for a developer. Client Y, at a nearby locadon and that Engineer A invoiced Client Y for the complete traffic study. The second smdy on a new projea for Client X utilized some of the same raw data as was in the report prepared for Client Y. The final conclusion of the engineering study was essendally the same in bolt studies. 

Question Was it ethical for Engineer A to charge Client X for the complete traffic study ... 

The percentage of annual growth is estimated and should be representative for the whole design period. Former traffic studies in the project area, in conjunction with the national annual growth in urban or rural regions, help predict more accurately this growth. 

Lederman RJ, Mendel John FO, Anderson RD, et al. Therapeutic angiogenesis with recombinant fibroblast growth factor-2 for intermittent claudication, (the TRAFFIC Study) a randomized trial. Lancet 2002 359 2053-2058. 

Aside from the Finnish bus driver study (Hakkinen 1958) the PUTCO study is one of the most carefully executed traffic studies on accident proneness. The bus-drivers studied were assigned to the same situational risks and exposition times. Individual differences in accident liability were not obscured by... 

Especially this latter requirement was not met in the so-called broad based traffic studies (Hoyos 1980), since the hazard potential could mostly not be accounted for. In an attempt to show that in observance of the above-mentioned requirements meaningful accident correlations will result not only for accident-liable persons, but also with respect to accident liable situations, a reference is made to a validation study on traffic conflicts (Erke Zimolong 1978). 

J. M. Clinch, Study of Reduction of Glare, Reflection Heat and Noise Transfer in Air Traffic Control Tower Cab Glass, FAA-RD-72-65, AD747069, NTIS, Springfield, Va., 1972. 

Monte Carlo search methods are stochastic techniques based on the use of random numbers and probability statistics to sample conformational space. The name Monte Carlo was originally coined by Metropolis and Ulam [4] during the Manhattan Project of World War II because of the similarity of this simulation technique to games of chance. Today a variety of Monte Carlo (MC) simulation methods are routinely used in diverse fields such as atmospheric studies, nuclear physics, traffic flow, and, of course, biochemistry and biophysics. In this section we focus on the application of the Monte Carlo method for... 

After the volume and price of the raw materials have been set, the freight estimate must be made. A call to the local rail, barge, or truck office by the traffic department or the engineer will get a price. Here again, the price tends to be conservative for preliminary studies since several months or years elapse before serious freight rates are negotiated. 

Studies of atmospheric particles show that their distribution is often birno-dal i.e., the particles are made up of rwo separate fractions, one with fine and one with coarse particles (Fig. 9.1). The coarse particles, from about 2.5 pm upward, are made up of natural dust from the effect of wind, erosion, plants, volcanoes, etc. The finer fraction is made up of particles smaller than 2.5 pm and consists primarily of particles from human activity, combustion, traffic, and processes. 

From the 1960s onward, there was a greater interest in psychological issues, dominated by the concept of the human as a single-channel processor of information. This stimulated research into a number of areas. Studies of mental workload were concerned with the ability of humans to cope with extremely high levels of information in situations such as air traffic control. Vigilance studies, which focused on the human s role in situations with very low levels of stimulation such as radar monitoring, represented the other extreme of human performance that was considered. 

An interesting problem solved by operations research methods is that of the flow of traffic through the New York tunnels. The presence of toll booths causes congestion of traffic at the entrances and exits of tunnels. Economical operation of the toll booths necessitates that not all booths be open at all times. By studying the statistics of the traffic, a schedule was developed indicating the number of booths to be operated at different times of the day. In this manner congestion was alleviated, and the frequency of traffic jams was reduced considerably.8... 

Extrapolation of the data obtained In this study to the situation world-wide leads to a tentative estimate that people living In about one third of the cities of the world may be exposed to air lead concentrations which are either marginal or unacceptable. The problem Is probably most acute In large urban areas In developing countries with dense automobile traffic. This problem could be easily mitigated through a world-wide effort to eliminate lead In fuels. 

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