Trace metals anthropogenic emissions

Trace metal Anthropogenic emissions Natural emissions median values Anthropogenic/national emission ratios... 

Nriagu J O. Global inventory of natural and anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere. Nature 1979 279 409M11. 

Emission factors have been estimated for the release of trace metals to water from various source categories and these have been used to estimate inputs of these metals into the aquatic ecosystem. The global anthropogenic input of nickel into the aquatic ecosystem for 1983 is estimated to be between 33 and 194 million kg/year with a median value of 113 million kg/year (Nriagu and Pacyna 1988). 

Globally anthropogenic emissions of metals (Table 2.3) already exceed the emissions of several trace elements from natural sources. On a regional scale in densely... 

Tab. 2.1 A comparison of estimated global anthropogenic emissions of trace metals in the midi 990s with emissions from natural sources (Pacyna and Pacyna 2001) (emissions in 10 metric tons year" ).

Tab. 2.3 Worldwide emissions (metric tons year ) of trace metals from major anthropogenic source categories to the atmosphere during the mid-1990s (Pacyna and Pacyna 2001)...

Pacyna JM and Pacyna E (2001) An assessment of global and regional emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere from anthropogenic sources worldwide. Environ Rev 9 269-298. 

The major sources of airborne anthropogenic arsenic are smelting of metals (mainly nonferrous metal production), burning of fossil fuels, and steel and cement production. The main natural emissions (possibly somewhat underestimated) are terrestrial volcanic exhalations and eruptions and submarine volcanism (Chilvers and Peterson 1987). Most trace metals are emitted on fine particles and thus can be... 

Nriagu, J.O. 1989. Natural versus anthropogenic emissions of trace metals to the atmosphere. In J.M. Pacyna, B. Offar (Eds.), Control and Fate of Atmospheric Trace Metals, NATO ASI Series, Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht. 

The seasonal variations of trace metal composition of atmospheric aerosols are controlled by several meteorological factors such as temperature, humidity and wind velocity and direction. Cold seasons are usually characterized by persistent thermal inversions, high precipitation and low wind velocities which favor the accumulation of anthropogenic exhaust emissions and reduce the presence of road... 

Based on this analysis, the major sources of trace metals in PM2.5 at the urban sites included in this study are, natural dust resuspension processes (indicated by th presence of mineral elements such as Fe and Mn), industrial emissions (Cu, As, Cd, Pb, Mo and Sn), fossil fuel refining and/or burning processes (Ni, V, Se) and traffic related emissions (Ba, Sr Sb, Zn). The mineral component comprises 55-65% of the trace metal concentrations in PM2.5 in urban areas and above 70% at rural sites. The contribution of the anthropogenic sources depends on the human... 

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