Toxoplasmosis differential diagnosis

Suggested Alternatives for Differential Diagnosis Anthrax, brucellosis, dengue, ehrlichiosis, infectious mononucleosis, Kawasaki disease, leptospirosis, malaria, meningitis, men-ingococcemia, relapsing fever, Rocky Mountain spotted fever, syphilis, toxic shock syndrome, toxoplasmosis, tularemia, typhoid fever, rubella, measles. 

Diagnosis of CMV retinitis The diagnosis should be made by indirect ophthalmoscopy. Other conditions in the differential diagnosis of CMV retinitis include candidiasis, toxoplasmosis, histoplasmosis, retinal scars, and cotton wool spots, any of which may produce a retinal appearance similar to CMV. The... 

Differential diagnosis of ocular toxocariasis includes retinoblastoma (frequently confused with toxocariasis). Coats disease, persistent hyperplastic primary vitreous, retinopathy of prematurity, femilial exudative vitreo-retinopathy, intermediate uveitis, toxoplasmosis, and idiopathic subretinal neovascular membranes. Because toxocariasis frequently mimics retinoblastoma, differential diagnosis is critical, because their treatments are radically different. 

Differential diagnosis of typhoid fever includes other Salmonella infections, leptospirosis, schistosomiasis, disseminated tuberculosis, malaria, brucellosis, viral hepatitis. Yersinia enterocolitis, influenza, lymphoma, toxoplasmosis, infectious mononucleosis, tuphus, encephalopathy and connective-tissue disorders. 

In some cases, as in cerebral toxoplasmosis, which is frequently seen in HIV patients but may occur with at)q)ical manifestations, it is extremely important to do the differential diagnosis from several other neurological infections like lymphoma and other cancers (Montoya, 2002). 

The majority of patients infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) have abnormalities in the central nervous system. It is frequently possible to provide a specific diagnosis on the basis of abnormalities seen by MR imaging the diagnosis is difficult in the presence of focal abnormalities with mass effect, as for example the differentiation between toxoplasmosis and cerebral lymphomas. Some clinicians recommend that all patients with AIDS and brain masses should first receive antibiotics for toxoplasmosis [83]. If improvement does not occur after medication, biopsy is considered. The most accurate diagnosis could be achieved by brain biopsy, but this can lead to substantial morbidity and mortality. Any technique that allows earlier diagnosis would enable earlier commencement of appropriate therapy. This is of particular importance in the case of lymphoma because untreated mean survival is short whereas radiation therapy and steroids may improve survival. H MRS showed significantly different biochemical profiles for AIDS-related brain lesions in 26 patients, which helped in correct diagnosis [83]. HIVpositive patients (109) were found to have focal intracranial lesions [84] 56 of these... 

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