Toxicology of trace elements

Birge, W.J. 1978. Aquatic toxicology of trace elements of coal and fly ash. Pages 219-240 in J.H. Thorp and J.W. Gibbons (eds.). Energy and Environmental Stress in Aquatic Systems. U.S. Dep. Energy, Sympos. Ser. 48, CONF-771114. 

Nielsen, F.H. 1977. Nickel toxicity. Pages 129-146 in R.A. Goyer, and M.A. Mehlman (eds.). Advances in Modern Toxicology. Volume 2. Toxicology of Trace Elements. Hemisphere Publ. Corp., London. 

Waters MD. 1977. Toxicology of vanadium. In Goyer R.A., Melhman M.A., ed. Toxicology of trace elements. Advances in modern toxicology. Vol. 2, New York Halsted Press, 147-189. 

Fowler BA (1977) Toxicology of Environmental Arsenic. In Goyer RA and Mehlman MA, eds. Toxicology of trace elements, pp. 79—122. John Wiley Sons New York. 

Eishbein L. (1977) Selenium. In Coyer RA and Mehlmann MA. eds. Toxicology of Trace Elements, pp. 191-240. Hemisphere, Washington-London. 

Sandstead, H.H., 1997. Nutrient interactions with toxic elements. In Goyer, R.A., Mehlman, M.A. (Eds.), Toxicology of Trace Elements. Wiley, New York, pp. 241-256. 

Fishbein, L. Toxicology of Selenium and Tellurium, in Toxicology of Trace Elements (ed.) Goger, R. A. and Mehlman, M. A., p 191, Hemisphere Publ. Comp., Washington, 1977... 

Goyer, R.A. Mushak, P. Lead toxicity laboratory aspects. In "Toxicology of Trace Elements, Advances in Modern Toxicology, Vol. 2", eds R.A. Goyer and M.A. Mehlman,... 

Bargagli, R., Cateni, D., Nelli, L., Olmastroni, S. Zagarese, B. 1997. Environmental impact of trace element emissions from geothermal power plants. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 33, 172-181. 

Biochemical Aspects. The chemical and physical dissimilarities of trace elements account for their wide scope of toxicologic manifestations. 

Hopefully, within the next decade, air pollution toxicology will make significant advances from its current descriptive phase to one of concept development. Descriptive data will always be necessary, but for it to be meaningful, it must be put into perspective. The physical and chemical characterization of trace element emissions and determinations of their environmental fate are prerequisites for meaningful biological testing. Studies on the biological effects of trace element loads in combination as well as individually are needed because of their combined presence in the environment and the complexity of their interactions. 

Deacon, J.R. and Driver, N.E. (1999) Distribution of trace elements in streambed sediment associated with mining activities in the Upper Colorado River Basin, Colorado, USA, 1995-96. Archives of Environmental Contamination and Toxicology, 37(1), 7-18. 

Dwyer, R.J., Burch, S.A., Ingersoll, C.G. and Hunn, J.B. (1992) Toxicity of trace element and salinity mixtures to striped bass (Morone saxatilis) and Daphnia magna, Environmental Toxicology and Chemistry 11, 513-520. 

Sequential extraction procedures include successive sample treatment with a series of extractants selected on the basis of their ability to dissolve analytes bound to different components of the matrix. The use of sequential extraction procedures simulating natural phenomena, (e.g., acid rain), can deliver detailed information about the origin, mode of occurrence, physiological availability, and mobilization of trace elements. It is also possible to estimate toxicological risk ensuing from the presence of different forms of metals and various phases containing those metals. A... 

Ohsawa M (1993) Nutritional and toxicological implication of trace elements in the immune response. In Prasad AS ed. Essential and toxic elements in human health and disease An update. Prog Clin Biol Res, 380 283-298. 

The Robens Institute of the University of Surrey, United Kingdom, conducts an international project to assess the quality of measurements of trace elements in biological fluids (Taylor et al. 1994). Two water specimens and two dialysis specimens are distributed monthly to participants. The Centre de Toxicologic du Quebec s Quebec... 

Detailed studies performed during the last decades on the fate and levels of trace elements in various human organs, tissues and fluids of exposed and control subjects have become a major task in toxicological, clinical, epidemiological and environmental research. This constituted a major challenge for the development of new analytical methods in this field, as well as for the improvement of existing methods. 

In the last decade, there has been a marked increase in the toxicological and clinical demand for trace element analysis which has been reviewed by a number of authors (Delves, 1987 Kruse-Jarres. 1987 Versieck and Cornells, 1989). This places big demands on the reliability of such analyses and highlights the importance of quality control in the determination of trace elements (Boyd. 1983 Brown. 1982 Inhat et al., 1986a,b Delves. 1987 Ihnat, 1988 McKenzie and Smythe, 1988 Versieck and Cornells, 1989 Brown, 1991). Early interlaboratory comparison studies revealed that there were serious difficulties in achieving precise and unbiased quantitative measurements of trace metals in biological materials. Moreover, reported normal concentrations of some trace metals varied by several orders of magnitude when results from so-called specialised laboratories were compared (Versieck, 1984 Ihnat, 1988 Versieck and Cornells, 1989). In the last... 

Table III emphasized the use of activation analysis to determine trace elements in the tissues and body fluids of animals. Some of these investigations were directed to studies related to medical research for humans. The work cited in Table III by Gitter et al. (334), Moav et al. (618), Pijck et al, (711), Boettger et al. (104), Nadkami (636) and Healy and Bate (388) on the assay of trace elements in snake venom, horse blood, cow eye tissue, dog caries and wool, respectively, are more suggestive of the applications that animal scientists are finding for activation analysis. In addition, Maxia and Rollier (593) have found it practical to determine routinely trace Se at 0.1 ppm in amino acids and proteins in order to measure the toxicological effects of Se upon chickens.

Ettler, V., Mrhaljevic, M., Matura, M., Skalova, M., Sebek, O. Bezdicka P. (2008). Temporal Variation of Trace Elements in Waters Polluted by Municipal Solid Waste Landfill Leachate. Bulletin of Etwironmental Contamination and Toxicology. V. 80, Ne3, pp. 274-279. 

D. Behne, C. Hammel, H. Pfeifer, D. Rothlein, H. Gessner and A. Kyriakopoulos, in 3rd International Symposium on Speciation of Trace Elements in Biological, Environmental and Toxicological Sciences, Port Douglas, Australia, Analyst, 1998, 173, 871-873. 

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