Toxicology defined

Many active pharmaceutical ingredients fall in the former category where the toxicologically defined limit becomes meaninglessly high seen... 

Archives of Toxicoiogy accepts papers which advance the science of toxicology by studies from any relevant discipline. These studies include mechanisms of toxicology, defined effects in man and new methods of treatment, new methods of analysis, erqrerimental studies of chemicals which may arise during medical treatment, at work, or in the general environment and forensic toxicology. 

The term virtual screening or in silica screening is defined as the selection of compounds by evaluating their desirability in a computational model [17]. The desirability comprises high potency, selectivity, appropriate pharmacokinetic properties, and favorable toxicology. 

Aerosol technology may be defined as involving the development, preparation, manufacture, and testing of products that depend on the power of a hquefied or compressed gas to expel the contents from a container. This definition can be extended to iaclude the physical, chemical, and toxicological properties of both the finished aerosol system and the propellants. 

Numerous toxicological studies have been conducted on a variety of plasticizers. However, because di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) is the most widely used plasticizer and is a well-defined single substance, it is the plasticizer that has been most thoroughly investigated in terms of its toxicology and has often been considered as a model for the other phthalates (36). 

The first major objective for the inherent safety review is the development of a good understanding of the hazards involved in the process. Early understanding of these hazards provides time for the development team to implement recommendations of the inherent safety effort. Hazards associated with flammability, pressure, and temperature are relatively easy to identify. Reactive chemistry hazards are not. They are frequently difficult to identify and understand in the lab and pilot plant. Special calorimetry equipment and expertise are often necessary to fully characterize the hazards of runaway reactions and decompositions. Similarly, industrial hygiene and toxicology expertise is desirable to help define and understand health hazards associated with the chemicals employed. 

In the area of predictive toxicology the applicability domain is taken to express the scope and limitations of a model, that is, the range of chemical structures for which the model is considered to be applicable [106]. Although this issue has been fundamental to the use of QSAR (and indeed any predictive technique) since its conception, there remain few reliable methods to define and apply an applicability domain in predictive toxicology. The current status of methods to define the applicability domain for use in (Q)SAR has been assessed recently by Netzeva et al. [106]. 

There is currently debate on the best methods to define the applicability domain for a model in predictive toxicology. The ultimate solution is likely to be lacking for a number of years. However, there are some initiatives that are beginning to address the issue of applicability domain, which include the use of statistical measures and also mechanistic appreciation. 

There are no children In the reference area who had lead toxicity or whose blood lead level exceeded 29 pg/dl (Table XIII). The term "lead toxicity" Is defined here as a child with a blood-lead level > 30 pg/dl and an EP pg/dl. The term "lead toxicity" Is not used In a toxicological sense. 

NADA methods should be capable of reliably measuring an analyte (i.e., the marker residue) that has a defined quantifative relationship to the total residues of toxicological concern in the tissues of interest, namely the target tissue and muscle. The target tissue is generally the last tissue in which total residues deplete to the permitted maximum safe concentration. When the marker residue is at the tolerance, a defined unique concentration, the total residues have depleted to the respectively established safe concentrations in the target tissue and muscle. 

Principles and Characteristics The fastest growing area in elemental analysis is in the use of hyphenated techniques for speciation measurement. Elemental spe-ciation analysis, defined as the qualitative identification and quantitative determination of the individual chemical forms that comprise the total concentration of an element in a sample, has become an important field of research in analytical chemistry. Speciation or the process yielding evidence of the molecular form of an analyte, has relevance in the fields of food, the environment, and occupational health analysis, and involves analytical chemists as well as legislators. The environmental and toxicological effects of a metal often depend on its forms. The determination of the total metal content... 

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