Toxicology Acute Toxicity

Properties Wh. milky liq. dens. 8.82 Ib/gal vise. 30 cp pH 3.2 30% NV Toxicology Acutely toxic via oral or dermal exposure mild to mod. skin/ eye irritant... 

Major Applications Recording materials, photography,2, 22 forge-proof security paper, Safety/Toxicity toxicology, acute toxicity, oral toxicity s... 

Physicochemical properties requked include melting/boiling point, vapor pressure, solubiUty, and flammabiUty/explosion characteristics. The toxicological studies include acute toxicity tests, oral, inhalation, and dermal skin and eye kritation skin sensiti2ation subacute toxicity, oral, inhalation, and dermal and mutagenicity tests. In vitro reverse mutation assay (Ames test) on Salmonella typhimurium and/or E.scherichia coli and mammalian cytogenic test. In vivo mouse micronucleus test. 

In order to expedite the launch of a new chemical and allow further time to complete the toxicological package for full registration, a "limited announcement" is normally used. This requkes only parts of the full toxicological packages, usually acute toxicity and Ames test. Consequentiy, it is less expensive ( 20,000) and quicker (90 days) than full registration. However, only 1 t or less of the chemical per year is allowed to be sold in the EEC. 

Merkord J, Weber H, Kroning G, Henningshausen G (2001) Repeated administration of a mild acute toxic dose of di-n-butyltin dichioride at intervals of 3 weeks induces severe lesions in pancreas and liver of rats. Human and Experimental Toxicology, 20(8) 386-392. 

Schimmel SC, Patrick JM Jr, Wilson AJ Jr. 1977. Acute toxicity to and bioconcentration of endosulfan by estuarine animals. In Mayer EL, Hamelink JL, eds. Aquatic toxicology and hazard evaluation, ASTM STP 634. Philadelphia, PA American Society for Testing and Materials, 241-252. 

Studies on the chlorodibenzodioxins have led to the following conclusions (1) 2,7-dichlorodibenzo-p-dioxin and octachlorodibenzo-p-di-oxin have a low acute toxicity (2) 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin has an unusually high toxicity (3) hexachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin is highly toxic but less toxic than 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (4) all chlorodibenzodioxins are not alike in their toxicological properties. Isomers of the same dibenzo-p-dioxin vary in toxicological properties, making it important to identify them specifically. 

Toxicological properties Acute toxicity (by two routes of admission) Skin irritation... 

Toxicological Chronic toxicity Carcinogenicity Fertility study (multi-generation) Embryotoxicity (non-rodent) Acute/subacute toxicity in 2nd species Toxicokinetics... 

Russom, C.L., Bradbury, S.R., Broderius, S.R., Hammermeister, D.E., Drummond, RA. (1997) Predicting Modes of Toxic Action from Chemical Structure Acute Toxicity in the Fathead Minniw (Pimephalespromelas). Environmental Toxicology Chemistry, 16(5), 948-967. 

Kinkead ER, Bunger SK, Wolfe RE. 1992c. Acute toxicologic evaluation of a cyclotriphosphazene hydraulic fluid. Acute Toxicity Data 1 219. 

Toxicological properties Acute toxicity (by two routes of admission) Skin irritation Eye irritation Skin sensitization 28 days subacute toxicity Ames test In vitro metaphase analysis (or mouse micronucleus test)... 

ACD/Tox Suite is a collection of software modules that predict probabilities for basic toxicity endpoints. Predictions are made from chemical structure and based upon large validated databases and QSAR models, in combination with expert knowledge of organic chemistry and toxicology. ToxSuite modules for Acute Toxicity, Genotoxicity, Skin Irritation, and Aquatic Toxicity have been used. 

Dudley HC, Neal PA. 1942. Toxicology of acrylonitrile (vinyl cyanide) I. A study of the acute toxicity. Journal of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 24 27 - 36. 

Zou, E. and S. Bu. 1994. Acute toxicity of copper, cadmium, and zinc to the water flea, Moina irrasa (Cladocera). Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicology 52 742-748. 

Mas, A., D. Holt, and M. Webb. 1985. The acute toxicity and teratogenicity of nickel in pregnant rats. Toxicology 35 47-57. 

Borthwick, P.W. and G.E. Walsh. 1981. Initial Toxicological Assessment of Ambush, Bolero, Bux, Dursban, Fentrifanil, Larvin, and Pydrin Static Acute Toxicity Tests with Selected Estuarine Algae, Invertebrates, and Fish. U.S. Environ. Protection Agen. Rep. 600/4-81-076. 20 pp. 

The period of the test depends on whether long- or short-term effects are of interest. Acute toxicity is the effect of a single exposure or a series of exposures close together in a short period of time. Chronic toxicity is the effect of multiple exposures occurring over a long period of time. Chronic toxicity studies are difficult to perform because of the time involved most toxicological studies are based on acute exposures. The toxicological study can be complicated by latency, an exposure that results in a delayed response. 

---