Toxicant cause

One of the chief uses of chloromethane is as a starting material from which sili cone polymers are made Dichloromethane is widely used as a paint stripper Trichloromethane was once used as an inhalation anesthetic but its toxicity caused it to be replaced by safer materials many years ago Tetrachloromethane is the starting mate rial for the preparation of several chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) at one time widely used as refrigerant gases Most of the world s industrialized nations have agreed to phase out all uses of CFCs because these compounds have been implicated m atmospheric processes that degrade the Earth s ozone layer... 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Goggles or face shield dust mask Symptoms Following Exposure Inhalation of dust may causes irritation of nose and throat. Contact with eyes or skin causes irritation. Ingestion has been observed to cause tremors and muscle spasms in test animals General Treatment for Exposure INHALATION move to fresh air. EYES flush with water for at least 15 min. SKIN flush with water wash with soap and water. INGESTION get medical attention Toxicity by Inhalation (Thresholdlimit Value) Data not available Short-Term Inhalation limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Grade 2 oral LDjq = 3,800 mg/kg (rat) Late Toxicity Causes cancer in rats Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Data not available liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Not pertinent. 

Health Hazards Information - Recommended Personal Protective Equipment Filter respirator Symptoms Following Exposure No apparent toxicity General Treatment for Exposure None required Toxicity by Inhalation (ThresholdLimit Value) Data not available Short-Term Inhalation Limits Data not available Toxicity by Ingestion Data not available Late Toxicity Causes central Vapor (Gas) Irritant Characteristics Data not available Liquid or Solid Irritant Characteristics Data not available Odor Threshold Data not available. 

Liver alcohol dehydrogenase (ADH) is relatively nonspecific and will oxidize ethanol or other alcohols, including methanol. Methanol oxidation yields formaldehyde, which is quite toxic, causing, among other things, blindness. Mistaking it for the cheap... 

Pentavalent antimonial drugs have been the cornerstone of antileishmanial therapy for more than 70 years, in spite of their general toxicity causing a wide range of side effects [2]. Pentavalent antimonial drugs have to be administered parenterally, which is a painful procedure. Meanwhile, resistance is widespread. In India,... 

Persistent activation of PPARa can induce the development of hepatocellular carcinoma in susceptible rodent species by a nongenotoxic mechanism, i.e., one that does not involve direct DNA damage by peroxisome proliferator chemicals or their metabolites. This hepatocarcinogenic response is abolished in mice deficient in PPARa, underscoring the central role of PPARa, as opposed to that of two other mammalian PPAR forms (PPARy and PPAR5), in peroxisome proliferator chemical-induced hepatocarcinogenesis. Other toxic responses, such as kidney and testicular toxicities caused by exposure to certain phthalate... 

Although rare, benzodiazepine toxicity may occur from an overdose of the drug. Benzodiazepine toxicity causes sedation, respiratory depression, and coma. Flumazenil (Romazicon) is an antidote (antagonist) for benzodiazepine toxicity and acts to reverse die sedation, respiratory depression, and coma within 6 to 10 minutes after intravenous administration. The dosage is individualized based on the patient s response, widi most patients responding to doses of 0.6 to 1 mg. However, die drug s action is short, and additional doses may be needed. Adverse reactions of flumazenil include agitation, confusion, seizures, and in some cases, symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal. Adverse reactions of flumazenil related to the symptoms of benzodiazepine withdrawal are relieved by die administration of die benzodiazepine. 

Cable GG, Doherty S. 1999. Acute carbamate and organochlorine toxicity causing convulsions in an agricultural pilot A case report. Aviat Space Environ Med 70(l) 68-72. 

Tissues are protected from oxygen toxicity caused by the superoxide free radical by the specific enzyme superoxide dismutase. 

Raybum JR, DeYoimg DJ, Bantle JA. 1991. Altered developmental toxicity caused by three carrier solvents. J Appl Toxicol 11 253-260. 

The most dramatic consequence of sHPT is alterations in bone turnover and the development of ROD. Other complications of CKD can also promote ROD. Metabolic acidosis decreases bone formation and aluminum toxicity causes aluminum uptake into bone in place of calcium, weakening the bone structure. The pathogenesis of sHPT and ROD are depicted in Fig. 23-5. 

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