Toward Applications

A number of publications deal with Au Mossbauer studies of various gold alloys. As the primary goal of this review is directed towards applications of Mossbauer spectroscopy to chemical compounds rather than metallic systems, we present here a brief enumeration of most of the work by giving reference to relevant publications and providing a note concerning the essential points of interest in each case ... 

Future work needs to be directed toward applications to real samples rather than model test mixtures. The proof of the pudding is in the eating ... 

Reinhardt BA, Brott LL, Clarson SJ, Dillard AG, Bhatt JC, KannanR, YuanL, He GS, Prasad PN (1998) Highly active two-photon dyes design, synthesis, and characterization toward application. Chem Mater 10 1863-1874... 

Synthetic carbonaceous materials are widely used in these applications. Several types of synthetic materials (e.g. graphitized mesophase carbon microbeads (MCMB), graphitized milled carbon fiber, and even, initially, hard carbons) became the materials of choice at the time of commercialization of first successful lithium-ion batteries in late 1980s. New trends, mainly driven by cost reduction and need for improved performance, currently shift focus towards application of natural graphite. 

A number of books [10, 11] and book chapters [12-15] are available on the subject of electroless deposition. In this chapter, discussion will center on some of the fundamental and practical aspects of the electroless deposition process. Emphasis will be somewhat biased towards applications relevant to microelectronics. Electroless deposition on fine conductors, which are usually of smaller dimension than the dif-... 

Microwave heaters. Increasing interest is being shown towards applications in chemistry of microwave heating, both for solution and solid-state chemistry. Domestic ovens are so-called multi-mode instruments in which the microwaves are reflected by the walls of the cavity. This kind of equipment can irradiate several vessels in a cavity, whereas in a single-mode instrument there is one vessel at a fixed distance from the radiation source. 

Baughman RH, Zakhidov AA, de Heer WA (2002) Carbon nanotubes - the route toward applications. Science 297 787-792. 

The % R8cR-value (repeatability and reproducibility), addresses the portion of the observed total process variation that is taken up by the measurement error. The % R R-value is an important metric for the method capability towards application in process improvement studies. 

A major step towards applicability of multiphase catalysis in ionic liquids is the development of Supported Ionic Liquid Phase (SLIP) -catalysis by the Wasserscheid group [28,29]. The SLIP concept enables quasi-heterogeneous catalysis in ionic liquids and opens the door to the production of basic chemicals. 

A recent review [30] has demonstrated that in the last 5 years there has been a trend in the MISPE literature to go away from mere proof-of-principle demonstrations towards applications in real samples. The authors found 110 original papers on MISPE applications in real samples in this period of time. These have dealt with four main types of samples environmental, biological, food, and drug. The MIPs used were mainly prepared by noncovalent methods and were used in off-line mode. The review gives a nice tabulated summary of all these papers with information about the templates, sample matrices, and detection methods. 

Since the synthetic effort required to prepare the lipid is generally greater for MVLs than for UVLs, with a view towards applications it is prudent to compare the overall performance of UVLs and MVLs, in particular considering the results shown in Sect. 2. Our work shows that while optimized formulations of MVLs and UVLs perform similarly in some cases, there are two important applications in which MVLs are far superior. 

Very low cost, medium performance printed electronics A less controversial area is printed (or organic) electronics. The objective in this rapidly developing field is to develop alternatives to silicon and conventional photolithography as the basis for electronic systems151"153. Initially, the devices produced using this technology would have relatively low performance, but very low cost. These devices would be directed toward applications (for example, RF ID tags154) where one-time use would dictate cost and performance. 

Baughman, R. H., Zakhidov, A. A. de Heer, W. A. Carbon nanotubes-the route toward applications. 

This book is designed as a sourcebook for the next decade of research, and we hope it fills this expectation. Chapters have been assembled from experts who are at the frontiers of pheromone physiology, biochemistry, morphology, neurobiology and molecular biology. Ultimately, just as behavioral chemicals themselves have been extended to pest management, research on pheromone biosynthesis, hormonal regulation and reception may be directed toward application and ultimately used in insect control. 

Ultimately, just as behavioral chemicals themselves have been extended to pest management, research on pheromone biosynthesis and its regulation may be directed toward application. This might include the culturing of insect tissues... 

Janiak C, Engineering coordination polymers towards applications, Dalton Trans., 2003, 74, 2781 -2804. 

Baughman RH Zakhidov AA de Herr WA, Carbon nanotubes—the route toward applications, Science, 2002,297, 787-792. 

Jager T, Heugens EHW, Kooijmans SALM. 2006. Making sense of ecotoxicological test results towards application of process-based models. Ecotoxicol 15 305-314. 

Many calorimetric investigations have been reported on microbial systems in fundamental metabolic studies and in work directed towards applications in biotechnology, ecology, pharmacology, and the clinical areas. Two examples are given here. 

Domheim M, Eigen N, Barkhordarian G, Klassen T, Bormann R, (2006). Tailoring hydrogen storage materials towards application. Advanced Engineering Materials 8(5) 377-385... 

---