Total volatile solids

Figure 1. Comparison of the effects of feedstock cellulose content on specific ceUulase enzyme activities in sludge from 4 CSTR reactors operated under similar conditions. Although the cellulose content of the feedstock was varied, the total volatile solids content for all reactors was equivalent.

All of the tests were performed using a sample size of 50 mL. Determine the concentration of total solids, total volatile solids, suspended solids, volatile suspended solids, total dissolved solids, and total volatile dissolved solids. The samples used in the solids analyses were all evaporated, dried, or ignited to constant weight. 

The proportion of the respective population of heterotrophs and nitrihers varies with the ratio of the influent BOD5 to influent TKN as shown in Table 15.4. Based on this table, the concentrations of the respective species may be calculated. Also, the design total volatile solids (MLVSS, for mixed liquor volatile suspended solids) vary depending upon the type of activated sludge process being used. Table 15.5 shows some representative values. Note that the air supplied is measured at normal air temperatures. 

N O Reference Carbo- hydrate Proein Li-pid Total Volatile solids... 

Total volatile solids (fraction of TSS of organic nature). 

Total volatile solids TVS (residue after igniting the TS at 600 C) ... 

Total volatile solids (TVS, mg/L) The difference between TS and the residue remaining after burning at 550 C. TVS is a measure of the organic solids present in a water. 

Microwave analysis of moisture is also known as LOD (loss on drying), drying test, or total volatile solids. For many years, the standard oven test was used for moisture determination. Although very accurate, the test could take many hours to complete, depending on the sample. The time lapse rendered it practically useless for anything except a final quality control check. The new microwave moisture/solids analyzers were introduced about 20 years ago. They offer rapid, accurate moisture/solids analysis in a fraction of the time it took to run a standard oven-drying test. 

COD, chemical oxygen demand TKN, total Kjeldahl nitrogen TSS, total suspended solids VSS, volatile suspended solids TOC, total organic carbon. 

Salinity is defined as the concentration of total dissolved solids (TDS) in a solution, usually expressed in mg/L. The TDS concentration in water is usually determined from the weight of the dry residue remaining after evaporation of the volatile portion of the original solution. Groundwater may be classified into four salinity classes64 ... 

Thermogravimetry (TG) is a measure of the thermally induced weight loss of a material as a function of the applied temperature [45]. Thermogravimetric analysis is restricted to studies that involve either a mass gain or loss, and it is most commonly used to study desolvation processes and compound decomposition. The major use of TG analysis is in the quantitative determination of the total volatile content of a solid. When a solid can decompose by means of several... 

Open vessel digestion (HF HC104) for ceramics, glass, rocks, and soil These acids should completely dissolve most materials. HF removes the silica (as volatile SiF4), which reduces the total dissolved solid content and therefore reduces interferences, and C104 produces perchlorates, which are soluble (but explosive if dried out). The use of hydrofluoric and perchloric acids therefore has considerable safety risks and requires specialized fume hoods, handling equipment, and safety equipment. The hydrofluoric and perchloric acids are removed by a later evaporation stage unless the analytical instmment and safety considerations have been specially adapted. 

For wastewater samples, a number of additional solid determinations are typically performed, including total dissolved solids, volatile solids, and settleable solids. Total dissolved solids are the total solids minus the suspended solids and are determined in a manner similar to total solids, but after filtering out the suspended solids. Thus, a volume of the filtrate is measured into the evaporating dish and the water evaporated in a drying oven. 

Cory Neth, an analyst for the City of Lincoln, Nebraska, Wastewater Treatment Plant Laboratory, removes a tray of crucibles from a muffle furnace. The crucibles are filtering crucibles used in the determination of suspended solids. The muffle furnace is used in the total suspended volatile solid test. 

Define the following water and wastewater analysis terms total solids, suspended solids, total dissolved solids, volatile solids, and settleable solids. 

The whole column, apart from a small portion of the sediment, is sam pled in this way. The chemical checks were carried out every 15 days, determining pH, Conductivity, C.O.D., Ammoniacal Nitrogen, Orthophosphate Phosphorus and, furthermore, each month Total phosphorus, Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen, Total Solids and Volatile Solids. The methods utilized are those indicated in the Standard Methods (A.P.H.A., 1980). The amount of matter particles sedimented in the tanks was estimated with the use ol appropriate sampling devices located at the bottom of the tanks and withdrawn after a variable permanence of 40 to 60 days. 

Substratum Total solids, Volatile solids, Total N, NH4, pH... 

Anaerobic digestion yields of the slurries are given in Table 2.5. Due to the higher proportion of lipids in manure, the methane production is higher than in wheat straw. The total amounts of lipid and protein, in particular, are lower in straw than in manure and thus the theoretical methane yield is significantly lower in wheat straw than in manure (Table 2.5). The average methane yields of manure and wheat straw were 14.7% and 10.4% of volatile solids, respectively (Demirbas and Ozturk, 2004). 

Most often, the rates for feedstock destruction in anaerobic digestion systems are based upon biogas production or reduction of total solids (TS) or volatile solids (VS) added to the system. Available data for analyses conducted on the specific polymers in the anaerobic digester feed are summarized in Table II. The information indicates a rapid rate of hydrolysis for hemicellulose and lipids. The rates and extent of cellulose degradation vary dramatically and are different with respect to the MSW feedstock based on the source and processing of the paper and cardboard products (42). Rates for protein hydrolysis are particularly difficult to accurately determine due the biotransformation of feed protein into microbial biomass, which is representative of protein in the effluent of the anaerobic digestion system. 

BOD, biochemical oxygen demand COD, chemical oxygen demand TS, total solids TDS, total dissolved solids TVSS, total volatile suspended solids TKN, total Kjeldhal nitrogen BDL, below detectable limit. 

Volatile Solids. Volatile solids represents the organic component of the total solids present and approximately 85 percent of the total solids are volatile. A biological system always converts a portion of its substrate into new cell mass and generally less than 50 percent of the volatile solids are... 

Volatiles, Total. Three tests are current in the USA for the determination of total volatiles in solid propints. They are all contained in Military Standard—Propellants, Solid Sampling, Examination and Testing , MIL-STD-286B (1 Dec 1967) with Notice. 1 (15 July 1969) and Notice 3 (30 Dec 1975). In the interest of accuracy, these procedures will be reproduced verbatim ... 

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