Total volatile organic content

It is important to identify volatile organic carbon (VOC) and the presence of specific priority poUutants, ia additioa to the total organic content. The... 

Table 11.3 presents some typical results obtained by this procedure on seawater samples. MacKinnon [92] concluded that since the volatile organic carbon contents of normal (i.e., unpolluted) seawaters are small, the effect of complete or partial loss of volatile organic components during the determination of total organic carbon in most ocean areas (except highly reducing environments) with either the wet and direct injection methods or dry oxidation methods should be small (about 5%), and within the precision of these methods. 

Several patents discuss the use of Raman spectroscopy to determine the properties of finished products.93 94 For reformulated gasoline, some of these properties include sulfur, olefin, benzene, volatile organic carbon (VOC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), aromatic contents, total air pollutants (TAPs), Reid Vapor Pressure (RVP), distillation properties, motor and research octane numbers, and drivability. For the octane numbers, the accuracy of the Raman method was limited by errors in the reference method. 

Saxena et al. (2004) established the quality standards of whole ajowan and ajowan powder. The whole and powdered forms of ajowan (dried fruits) being sold in Indian markets have been evaluated. The moisture content, organic extraneous matter, inorganic extraneous matter, damaged/ shrivelled/immature seeds and volatile oil content of whole ajowan and the moisture, total ash, acid-insoluble ash, non-volatile ether extract, crude fibre and volatile oil content of powdered ajowan are used as quality parameters. Agmark grade specifications of ajowan seed are given in Table 16.4. 

In the 1970s, the EPA assumed a leading role in pollution control. With the realization that practically all solvents exhibited some level of photochemical activity, new rules—state and national—were focused on the total solvent content of paints as applied. The index used—VOC (volatile organic compound)—did not differentiate between solvents or coalescents but merely set limits in pounds of emissions per gallon of paint (excluding water) for varying industrial applications. 

Figure 4a presents seasonal changes in the TC contents in the aerosol samples collected over Jeju Island without and with HCl treatment. Highest TC values were measured in spring and autumn and less frequently in winter, whereas lowest values were measured in summer. Total organic carbon (TOC) that is defined as TC obtained after HCl treatment of aerosols shows seasonal changes similar to TC (Fig. 4a). The values of TOC are sometimes significantly lower than those of TC. The results indicated that up to 30% of TC were removed from the aerosols by the treatment with HCl fume. However, the highest removal rates were limited to some samples collected in March, May, October and November. Summer and winter samples did not show a significant decline of TC after the HCl treatment except for one sample (KOS43, July 9-16, 2001). The removed carbon may have existed as carbonate and/or volatile organic forms as discussed later.

Catalysts for total hydrocarbon and volatile organic compounds (VOC) combustion in waste gases contain noble metals supported on alumina. The noble metals are platinum, palladium, combinations of platinum and palladium, or rhodium and the typical content is 0.3-0.5 wt%. The BASF RO-25 catalyst, specified for VOC combustion, is reported to contain 0.5% palladium on 0-AI2O3 characterized by a surface area of 109 w g (428). 

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