Total Ozone Mapping TOMS

False-color image of ozone levels over the Northern Hemisphere, recorded by NASA s total-ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS). Purple and blue areas are areas of ozone depletion green through red areas are areas of higher-than-normal ozone levels. 

Total ozone was measured at Tatoi, Aghios Efstratios and Thessaloniki. Total ozone maps over Europe were generated from ground-based and TOMS European data by LAP. The main results concerning total ozone behaviour can be summarised as follows ... 

The monthly mean ozone from the Dobson time series (1957-1986) of Vigna di Valle (50 km apart from Rome) and from TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite data (1979-1991) version 6 are assumed as climatological frames of reference for Rome and Ispra, respectively. Aerosol optical depths at 550 nm are estimated by means of sunphotometry. Data from the two meteorological stations of Rome and Milan airports are used to describe the atmospheric conditions. Standard vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, relative humidity and ozone density are selected. 

McPeters, R.D. et al. (1996) Nimbus-7 Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Data Products User s Guide, NASA Reference Publication 1384. 

This instrument concept was developed and resulted in the SBUV (Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet) and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) being launched aboard Nimbus 7 (Heath et al., 1975). The second generation SBUV instrument (SBUV-2) was further improved and has been flown by NOAA on a series of satellites (Frederick et al., 1986) (Table 1). 

Heath, D.F., A.J. Krueger, H.A. Roeder and B.D. Henderson (1975) The solar backscatter ultraviolet and total ozone mapping spectrometer (SBUV/TOMS) fbrNimbus-G. Optical Engineering 14 323-332. 

Krueger, A.J., L.S. Walter, P.K. Bhartia, C.C. Schnetzler, N.A. Krotkov, I. Sprod and G.J.S. Bluth (1995) Volcanic sulfur dioxide measurements from the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) instruments. Journal of Geophysical Research 100 14057-14076. 

Ultraviolet) instrument and from SAGE II (Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment II), together with supporting data from ozonesondes and satellite instruments such as SME (Solar Mesosphere Explorer) and TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer). The model interpolates monthly ozone values to its timestep and this time-varying ozone repeats every simulation year. The model currently does not allow the ozone to become interactive, neither does it represent any change in ozone due to chemical processes, although work is underway to incorporate these features. 

A more detailed overview of the main components of the GEOS-DAS system the forecast model, the input data (total ozone observations from Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer /TOMS/ and vertical ozone profiles from the Solar Backscatter Ultra Violet instrument /SBUV/, the analysis scheme and its implementation could be easy found in the paper of Riishojgard [19]. 

Figure 11.5 This diagram comes from NASA s ozone monitoring programme TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer). The ozone hole over the Antarctic (shown in purple and pink on the diagram) is largest in the Antarctic spring. Note Dobson Units are a measure of the total amount of ozone in a vertical column from the ground to the top of the atmosphere.

Measurements of the gaseous sulfur dioxide released were obtained with the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS Krueger, 1983) and with the Solar Backscatter Ultraviolet Spectrometer (SBUV Heath et d., 1983), both carried on the Nimbus 7 satellite. Three instruments on board the Solar Mesosphere Explorer (SME) also revealed features of the cloud the Infrared Radiometer measured the thermal emission from the aerosols, while the Visible and Near Infrared Spectrometers measured the backscat-tered solar radiation. The three instruments are limbscanning and view the atmosphere along the track of the sunsynchronous polar orbit (Barth et d., 1983 Thomas et d., 1983). Ground based and airborne spectro-photometric measurements of sulfur dioxide have also been carried out (Evans and Kerr, 1983). 

CarnS. A., Krueger A. J., Bluth G. J. S., Schaefer S. J., Krotkov N. A., Watson 1. M., and Datta S. (2003) Volcanic eruption detection by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) instruments a 22-year record of sulfur dioxide and ash emissions. In Volcanic Degassing. Geological Society of London Special Publication 213 (eds. C. Oppenheimer, D. M. Pyle, and J. Barclay). Geological Society of London, 177-202. 

Prospero J. M., Ginoux P., Torres O., Nicholson S. E., and Gill T. E. (2002) Environmental characterization of global sources of atmospheric soil dust identified with the Nimbus 7 total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) absorbing aerosol product. Rev. Geophys. 40, article no. 1002. 

FIGURE 4-40 The Antarctic ozone hole, October 1991, as measured by the total ozone mapping spectrometer (TOMS) from the Nimbus 7 satellite. The hole covers the Antarctic continent and extends as far north as the tip of South America. (Reprinted with permission from R. Stolarski, R. Bojkov, L. Bishop, C. Zerefos, J. Staehelin, and J. Zawodny, 1992, Measured Trends in Stratospheric Ozone, Science 256 342-349. Copyright 1992, American Association for the Advancement of Science.)... 

Since 1978 spectral measurements of sunlight backscattered from the Earth to the space have been made from satellites, starting with NASA s Nimbus-7 satellite with the TOMS (Total ozone mapping spectrometer) instrument. This spectrometer was designed to measure backscattered UVR at six wavelengths in the UV-B and UV-A and to derive total column ozone amount from these radiance data. This application is well established and the uncertainty is well... 

The global distribution of total ozone as a function of latitude and time deduced from the observations by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) on board the Nimbus 7 satellite is presented in Figure 5.6. This figure shows that the ozone column abundance is typically 260-270 DU in the tropics. The peak total ozone... 

Growth of the Antarctic ozone hole, located mostly over the continent of Antarctica, since 1979. The images were made from data supplied by total ozone-mapping spectrometers (TOMS). The color scale depicts the total ozone values in Dobson units. The lowest ozone densities are represented by dark blue. 

Data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Earth Probe for the month of September, 2003. Areas of depleted ozone over the Antarctic are shown in dark blue. 

This graphic shows data from the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) Earth Probe. 

FIGURE 7.3 Antarctic ozone minima. 1979-2003. The ozone minima are given above the data points and the dates of recorded minima are given below the data points. The data, in Dobson units (DU), were measured by the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) spacecraft. (Source http // jwocky.gsfc.nasa.gov/multi/ min ozone.gif)... 

Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometers (TOMS) measure solar irradiance and radiance backscattered by the earth s atmosphere at six wavelengths extending from approximately 310 to 380 nm. TOMS measurements can be used to estimate the tropospheric ozone amount by the calculation of the difference of total ozone minus stratospheric ozone amount measmed by another satellite instrument (SAGE Stratospheric Aerosol and Gas Experiment), in particular when stratospheric ozone variations are small, usually over the tropics. However, the residual tropospheric ozone calculation has some limitation in accuracy because the tropospheric ozone amount is calculated as a small difference of two large numbers (total and stratospheric ozone). Measurements of the TOMS instra-ment on Nimbus 7 satellite have been used to estimate tropical tropospheric ozone trends from 1978 to 1992. 

Information contained in the International Ozone Trends Panel Report [WMO, (1988)] and supported by more recent information including the ozone trend results from analysis of the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) data [Stolarski, (1991)] provides compelling evidence that production and use of CFCs should be phased out to reduce risk of ozone depletion. In 1990 the Montreal Protocol, an international agreement regarding CFC production and use, was strengthened to require a phaseout of production in developed countries by 2000 and by 2010 in developing countries. 

FIGURE 5.18 Observations of the change in October total ozone profiles over Antarctica (WMO 1994). Historical data at South Pole and Syowa show changes in October mean profiles measured in the 1960s and 1970s as compared to more recent observations. Changes in seasonal vertical profiles are shown at the other stations. Isopleths mapped onto Antartica represent TOMS ozone column measurements on Oct. 5, 1987. 

This computer image shows the total quantity of ozone over the region near the South Pole, with various colors corresponding to Dobson units (equivalent to the thickness, in units of 10 mm, of total ozone in the atmosphere,assuming it to be compressed to 1 atm at 0°Q.The ozone hole is shown in dark blue,equal to 200 to 225 Dobson units. In September 2002,the ozone hole split into two parts. Data were obtained by theTotal Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) aboard the Earth Probe satellite. 

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