Ozone vertical profile

FIGURE 12.5 Model-calculated ozone vertical profiles for a Chapman or Ox model, with only 02, O, and O, as reactive species and the reference atmosphere chosen to be typical of 1960 conditions (adapted from Kinnison et al., 1988). 

G.J. Megie, G. Ancellet, J. Pelon Lidar measurements of ozone vertical profiles. Appl. Opt. 24, 3454 (1985)... 

Fig. 8.8 Comparison of the ozone vertical profiles in 1986 before ozone hole formation (August 25) and after its development (October 26) (Adapted from Hofmann et al. 1987)...

Fig. 7-2 Vertical profiles of physical (temperature, dew point, and backscatter coefficient) and chemical (ozone, sulfur dioxide) variables near Scranton, PA during the afternoon of 20 July 1978. (Modified with permission from P. K. Mueller and G. M. Hidy (1982). "The Sulfate Regional Documentation of SURE Sampling Sites", EPRI report EA-1901, v. 3, Electric Power Research Institute.)...

Sticksel discussed vertical profile measurements of ozone in the stratosphere and the troposphere over the last several years. Transient ozone maximums in the troposphere are illustrated and explained by three possible mechanisms a channel-like r on conducted ozone from the stratosphere into the troposphere ozone-laden air descended from the stratosphere and was compressed as it subsided and ozone-rich layers leaked through the break between the polar and middle tropopauses by differential advection. Surface variations of ozone soundings were mostly attributed to anthropogenic pollution however, relatively thick high-... 

In the real atmosphere horizontal motions along latitude and longitude must also be taken into consideration. Thus, the ozone concentration profile should show a significant derivation near the tropopause due to the downward transport of 03 from the expected profile without vertical eddy diffusion. 

The monthly mean ozone from the Dobson time series (1957-1986) of Vigna di Valle (50 km apart from Rome) and from TOMS (Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer) satellite data (1979-1991) version 6 are assumed as climatological frames of reference for Rome and Ispra, respectively. Aerosol optical depths at 550 nm are estimated by means of sunphotometry. Data from the two meteorological stations of Rome and Milan airports are used to describe the atmospheric conditions. Standard vertical profiles of pressure, temperature, relative humidity and ozone density are selected. 

Knapska, D., Schmid, U., Jebsen, C., Kulessa, G., Rudolph, J. and Penkett S.A. (1985) Vertical profiles of chlorinated source gases in the midlatitude statrosphere, in C.S. Zerefos and A. Ghazi (eds.), Atmospheric Ozone, Reidel, Dordrecht, pp. 117-121. 

The numerical technique for the determination of vertical profile information was also studied for the determination of total ozone in the atmosphere by NASA (Dave and Mateer, 1967 Mateer et al., 1971). The development of this retrieval technique has continued up to the present (Bhartia et al., 1996). 

The Backscatter Ultraviolet atmospheric ozone experiment (BUV) was the first of a series of instruments made by NASA and later NOAA, which has successfully made long-term measurements of the vertical profile and total amount of ozone (Heath et al., 1973) (Table 1). BUV was launched aboard the Nimbus 4 satellite into a circular polar orbit at an altitude of 1100 km. This orbit is sun-synchronous and the satellite crosses the equator in an ascending mode every 107 minutes close to local noon. 

Figure 3. Ozone mixing ratio [ppmv] vertical profiles at latitude 62.5N and at longitude 60 /solid line/ and 220 /marked line/...

Most widely used space bom measurement for the wildfire studies is MODIS. There are two MODIS s onboard satellites and they cover the Earth s surface every 1-2 days. MODIS gives information on the location of fires and also on the optical properties of aerosol. Optical properties of the smoke particles have also been studied by using the ozone monitoring instrument [32] onboard EOS-Aura satellite. Cloud-aerosol lidar with orthogonal polarization provided the vertical profile of the plume during the smoke episode in 2010 [32], In addition to comparison with ground-based instruments, the data from the space bom instruments has been used in the modeling of smoke plumes (e.g., [10]). 

Calculations of RF due to the growth in tropospheric ozone concentration gave a value of 0.4 0.15 Wm 2. A decrease in total content of ozone in the stratosphere could lead to RF equal to 0.2 0.1Wm"2. Though these changes in sign mutually cancel each other out to a great extent, this does not imply that they are insignificant, since variations of the ozone content in the troposphere and stratosphere aflect substantially—but diflerently—the formation of the temperature vertical profile. 

Ozone forms in the upper stratosphere from molecular oxygen under the influence of UV solar radiation. In the lower stratosphere and troposphere, the source of ozone is the decomposition of nitrogen dioxide under the influence of UV and visible radiation. The formation of the vertical profile of ozone concentration is connected with its meridional and vertical transport. The general characteristic of this profile is the total amount of ozone measured by the thickness of its layer given in Dobson units (1 DU = 0.001 cm). 

There are also static models to describe the vertical profile of ozone density distribution. One such model is the Kruger formula ... 

The second stage realizes a two-step procedure that re-calculates the ozone concentration over the whole space S = (tp, A, z) (, A)e l 0atmospheric boundary layer (zH 70 km), whose consideration is important in estimating the state of the regional ozonosphere. These two steps correspond to the vertical and horizontal constituents of atmospheric motion. This division is made for convenience, so that the user of the expert system can choose a synoptic scenario. According to the available estimates (Karol, 2000 Kraabol et al., 2000 Meijer and Velthoven, 1997), the processes involved in vertical mixing prevail in the dynamics of ozone concentration. It is here that, due to uncertain estimates of Dz, there are serious errors in model calculations. Therefore the units CCAB, MFDO, and MPTO (see Table 4.9) provide the user with the principal possibility to choose various approximations of the vertical profile of the eddy diffusion coefficient (Dz). 

In this case only the ozone-air mixing ratio can be prescribed. From this ratio the 03 function can be reconstructed, provided the SSCRO database contains information on the vertical profile of air density at any point ([Pg.258]

Solar Radiation. Of all the factors which collectively determine the amount and spectral distribution of the radiation entering a surface layer of the atmosphere, the best established appear to be the spectral irradiance outside the atmosphere and the attenuation by molecular scattering. The absorption coefficients of ozone are well established, but no easy method exists for determining the amount of ozone in a vertical profile of the atmosphere at a given time. The measurement of the particulate content of the atmosphere and its correlation with atmospheric transmission is a field in which much remains to be accomplished. Surprisingly few data exist on the spectral distribution of sky radiation and its variation with solar elevation and atmospheric conditions. The effect of clouds is of secondary importance, as intense smog generally occurs under a clear sky. 

The vertical profile of hydrogen and ozone in the vicinity of the tropopause according to Schmidt (1974). 

By means of equation [3.17], the equilibrium vertical profile of the ozone concentration can be calculated. Thus, [02] on the right-hand side is known for various altitudes and k can be calculated for different temperatures.11 The greatest problem is the determination of /, and f2 as a function of altitude. The values of these latter parameters depend on the absorption of radiation, which varies in a complex way as solar radiation penetrates into the atmosphere. Theoretically /, and J2 are calculated by the following two equations ... 

The vertical profile of ozone expressed in nanobars as a function of atmospheric pressure (ordinate millibar) for different NO,(ppb)and H20 (ppm) mixing ratios (Diitsch, 1973). (By courtesy of Birkhauser... 

The vertical profile of the ozone concentration can also be determined by spectrophotometric observations16. However, more accurate distributions are measured by ozone sondes lifted by balloons into the upper layers of the... 

Figure 4-19b. Vertical profiles of chemical compounds retrieved from satellite observations based on occultation methods. Upper Panel Nighttime ozone number density (cm-3) measured on 24 March 2002 from the tropopause to the mesopause levels (15°N, 115°E) by the GOMOS instrument on board the ENVISAT spacecraft (stellar occultation). Courtesy of J.L. Bertaux and A. Hauchecorne, Service d Aeronomie du CNRS, France. Lower Panel Water vapor mixing ratio (ppmv) between the surface and 50 km altitude (33°N, 125°W) measured by SAGE II on 11 January 1987 (solar occultation). Courtesy of M. Geller, State University of New York.

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