Isopleth maps

Figure 3. Isopleth maps of the concentration estimate and the associated probability (1 - a(x)) to make a correct decision to clean.

Concentration estimate and associated probability, Isopleth maps, 115f Conditional distribution approach, assessment of spatial distributions of pollutants, 112-14 Conditional distribution of... 

Output displays will be required to bring the abstract aspects of voluminous output data into some form that appeals to the experience of the user. Isopleth maps are useful, as are three-dimensional isometric plots like SYMVu, produced by Harvard University. Printer plots of concentration maps will undoubtedly enjoy an even greater application, because of the common availability of line printers or teletypewriters as output devices. Examples of these techniques are symap and grid, both produced by Harvard University. 

FIGURE 5.18 Observations of the change in October total ozone profiles over Antarctica (WMO 1994). Historical data at South Pole and Syowa show changes in October mean profiles measured in the 1960s and 1970s as compared to more recent observations. Changes in seasonal vertical profiles are shown at the other stations. Isopleths mapped onto Antartica represent TOMS ozone column measurements on Oct. 5, 1987. 

Figure 5. The apparent resistivity isopleths map when the goaf water.

For example, annual NH4 deposition remains negligible (<1 kgN/ha) nearly everywhere west of the Rocky Mountains, and its peaks around and downwind from the highest concentrations of animals and the most intensive fertilizer applications in the Midwest (Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska) range between 4 and 5 kg N/ha. Annual isopleth maps of U.S. atmospheric deposition can be seen at National Atmospheric Deposition Program, Colorado State University, http //nadp.nrel.colostate.edu/NADP. 

Pollutant concentration maps may be constructed as shown in Fig. 15-5 (14). In this example, elevated levels of ambient particulate matter are associated with population centers. For a given geographic area, isopleths, lines showing equal concentrations of a pollutant, are drawn on a map. Regions of high concentration are quickly identified. Further action may be taken to determine the cause, such as review of emission inventories of additional sampling. 

Isopleth a line drawn on a map through all points having the same numeric value. Isotropic a situation where a quantity (or its spatial derivatives) is independent of position or direction. 

Primarily models chemical releases to the air. Includes a chemical database and map editor and is capable of mapping concentration isopleths. Allows real-time meteorological data input. 

We have previously examined the mutual dependence of [HO ] upon [NO,jj and [NMHC] as calculated by a combined clean/polluted air chemical mechanism (76), and extend those calculations here to the more modem CAL mechanism of Lurmann et al. (182). To do this we have combined the NO,/NMHC chemical reactions of the CAL mechanism with the methane chemistry of Logan et al. (58). The results of these calculations are shown as contour maps or isopleths for [O3], [HO ], and [HO2 ] in Figure 7. Figure 7a, for ozone, is similar to isopleths used to determine reductions in NMHC and/or... 

The lines on the map are pH isopleths, which identify regions in which the precipitation has the same pH. Notice that precipitation gradually becomes more acidic going from west to east, especially in industrialized areas of the northeast. This acid rain may be a result of the release of nitrogen and sulfur oxides into the atmosphere. 

Acid rain is a regional phenomenon. The lines on the map are isopleths, lines that indicate constant values of the pH of rain. Notice that the pH of rain decreases downwind (generally, east) of heavily populated areas. The low pH in heavily industrialized and populated areas is caused by the acidic oxides sulfur dioxide, S02, and the nitrogen oxides, NO and N02. 

Once illustrated on a map of the effluent plume, the ZPE can be seen visually as larger or smaller than the area of the plume defined by the isopleth for the 1% concentration of effluent (Environment Canada, 1999). The method is flexible in that any number of endpoints/descriptors can be used. However, redundancy in endpoints or descriptors should be scrutinized. 

Nutrient Maps. Regression equations (6) for nitrate and phosphate against temperature were used to convert the temperature maps to nutrient maps. Each isopleth is the average value of the pixel nutrient concentrations on each side. 

Multiple results, such as weekly data in an annual report, can be tabulated as the mean value with its standard deviation or values of the mean, highest, and lowest value by location and sample medium. Additional information should be provided if elevated radionuclide levels occur at specific times or locations. Patterns of changing radionuclide concentrations can be presented as time-line graphs. Spatial patterns of radionuclide concentrations can be presented as maps with concentration isopleths, which indicate the points at which each radionuclide has a specified constant concentration. 

Isopleth Lines joining equal values on a map or chart, e.g, isotherm—equal temperatures isobar—equal pressures. 

Temperature-composition phase diagrams such as this are often mapped out experimentally by observing the cooling curve (temperature as a function of time) along isopleths of various compositions. This procedure is thermal analysis. A break in the slope of a cooling curve at a particular temperature indicates the system point has moved from a one-phase liquid area to a two-phase area of liquid and solid. A temperature halt indicates the temperature is either the freezing point of the liquid to form a solid of the same composition, or else a eutectic temperature. 

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