Total Ionizing Dose

BARNABY, H. Total-ionizing-dose effects in modem CMOS technologies. IEEE Transactions On Nuclear Science, Los Alamitos, USA IEEE Computer Society, 2006, v. 53, n. 6, pp. 3103-3121. 

The term absorbed dose (total ionizing dose) describes the amoimt of radiation absorbed by an object or person. The units for absorbed dose are gray (Gy) and rad. Absorbed dose is a function of the mass and density of the media. Sometimes absorbed dose is called kerma (kinetic energy released in matter). Because exposme and dose are often used interchangeably, dose is often confused with exposure level. The absorbed dose depends not only on the radiation incident, but also on the absorbing material a soft x-ray beam may deposit a dose four times greater in bone than in air, and none at all in a vacuum. 

Rx Gamma (TID) Total Ionizing Dose (TID) based on JPL document 982-00029, Prometheus Project Environmental Requirements Document, dated July 6, 2005. 

Total Ionized Dose (rads(Si)) Displacement Damage Dose (n/cm )... 

For the JIMO mission, the unshielded external total ionizing dose and displacement damage dose was specified as 1x10 rads(Si) and 5.7x10 1-MeV equivalent neutrons per square centimeter, respectively (Reference 10- 9). The external environment would be dominated by charged particles, but it is described by a 1-MeV equivalent neutron. The radiation incident upon a component of interest is the sum of the external (shielded or unshielded) and internal radiation environment. 

Radiation IFull Mission Total Ionizing Dose [TID Displacement Damage Dose (DDD) Values fbrde n factor of 1 and exdudes reactor radiation 1x10 rads (Si) 5.7x10 T-MeV equiv. n/cm Levels not yet defined but considered to be less than JIMO mission... 

Electron spin resonance (ESR) measures the trapped electron population in a lattice, which is directly related to the amount of ionizing radiation received by the sample since its formation. The total radiation dose received by the sample is estimated from the ESR... 

Both the general population and workers may be exposed to 241 Am from the production, distribution, and use of ionization chamber smoke detectors. The NRC investigated exposure relating to this device. Their 1979 report concluded that the sum of doses to the population resulting from production, distribution, use, and disposal of 14 million smoke detectors containing 3 pCi (100 kBq) of 241Am each (over 3 times that presently used) that were distributed in 1978 would result in a collective total body dose of 1,100 person-rem (11 person-Sv)—much lower than that which could potentially result in one cancer death (NRC 1979). Exposure to 241Am could result from improper disposal of smoke detectors. The detector could be broken and then disposed of in a municipal landfill or incinerated. The 241 Am from the broken detector could be consumed by a child. 

The effect of ionizing radiation on thermal oxidation of PP/EPDM blend over the range of total gamma doses up to 250 kGy was also studied by Zaharescu and... 

Dosimeter—Small portable instrument (such as a film badge, thermo luminescent dosimeter, or pocket dosimeter) for measuring and recording the total accumulated dose of ionizing radiation a person receives. 

Ion implantation has become the dominant doping technique, particularly in the fabrication of bipolar-CMOS devices and in the formation of shallow junctions. Laser ablation sampling coupled with ICP-MS was applied recently to the determination of total dopant dose. Since this technique spatially and temporally separates the sampling and ionization steps, it has the potential to produce more quantitative results than SIMS for trace elements in a given matrix. Wafer surface analysis can also be used to monitor the contamination induced hy different process steps. The importance, in terms of contamination contrihution, of the chamber components used for film deposition and ion implantation was demonstrated, as was the effect of cleaning bath solution purity. ... 

For acute symptomatic hypocalcemia, 200 to 300 mg of elemental calcium is administered IV and repeated until symptoms are fully controlled. This is achieved by infusing 1 g of calcium chloride or 2 to 3 grams of calcium at a rate no faster than 30 to 60 mg of elemental calcium per minute. More rapid administration is associated with hypotension, bradycardia, or cardiac asystole. Total calcium concentration is commonly monitored in critically ill patients. Under normal circumstances, about half of calcium is loosely bound to serum proteins while the other half is free. Total calcium concentration measures bound and free calcium. Ionized calcium measures free calcium only. Under usual circumstances, a normal calcium level implies a normal free ionized calcium level. Ionized calcium should be obtained in patients with comorbid conditions that would lead to inconsistency between total calcium and free serum calcium (abnormal albumin, protein, or immunoglobulin concentrations). For chronic asymptomatic hypocalcemia, oral calcium supplements are given at doses of 2 to 4 g/day of elemental calcium. Many patients with calcium deficiency have concurrent vitamin D deficiency that must also be corrected in order to restore calcium homeostasis.2,37,38... 

The minimum energy I required for ionization is called the (first) ionization potential. The W value is the average energy required to produce a pair of ions in the medium. Experimentally this value is obtained by dividing the absorbed dose by the total number of collected ions. The W value depends primarily on... 

Production of ozone by irradiation or electric discharge in oxygen is readily revealed by the characteristic odor. The yield, though, is not easy to establish. In a closed system, it is very small in a flow system, it increases with the flow rate and decreases with the dose rate. These have been explained by taking the formation reaction as a three-body combination with O atom, O + 202— 03 + 02 (no chain), where the back reaction is indeed a chain process (Magee and Burton, 1951). In the mass spectrometer, 02+ is the main ion but the total yield of excited states is about the same as that of ionization (about 3.1), giving the following initial species ... 

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