Tor distillation

Uses Foam control agent tor distillation, glycol scrubbing, detergents, wastewater treatment, adhesives/coatings, resin and textile sizes, metalworking, and paper/printing industries Properties Thin wh. cream nonionic 10% act. 

Acid Tall oil rosin (TOR) Distilled tall oil (DTO) Tall oil fatty acids (TOFA) ... 

Considering their heat sensitivity, the separation of fatty acids and rosin with minimal degradation by fractional distillation under vacuum and/or in the presence of steam is surprisingly good (3). Tad od rosin (TOR) contains about 2% fatty acid and smad amounts of neutrals. Tad od fatty acid (TOFA) contains as Htde as 1.2% rosin and 1.7% neutrals. In typical U.S. TOFA, 49% of the fatty acids is oleic, 45% linoleic, and 3% palmitic, stearic, and eicosatrienoic acid. TOR and TOFA are upgraded to resins and chemicals for the manufacture of inks (qv), adhesives (qv), coatings (qv), and lubricants (see Lubrication AND lubricants). 

The second conversion of GS to (GSi)r will be Case 4 of Table 5-10, the two-surface-zone enclosure with computation simphfied by assuming that the direct-view fac tor from any spot to a surface equals the fraction of the whole enclosure that the surface occupies (the speckled-furnace model). This case can be considered an ideahzation of many processing furnaces such as distilling and cracking coil furnaces, with parts of the enclosure tube-covered and part left refrac-toiy. (But the refractory under the tubes is not to be classified as part of the refractory zone.) Again, one starts with substitution into Eq. (5-173) of the terms GSi, GS, and S Si from Table 5-10, Case 4, with all terms first converted to their gray-phis-clear form. To indicate the procedure, one of the components, S Si, wil be formulated. 

The method for estimating point efficiency, outhned here, is not the only approach available for sieve plates, and more mechanistic methods are under development. For example, Prado and Fair [Ind. Eng. Chem. Re.s., 29, 1031 (1990)] have proposed a method whereby bubbling and jetting are taken into account however the method has not been vahdated tor nonaqueous systems. Chen and Chuang [Ind. Eng. Chem. Re.s., 32, 701 (1993)] have proposed a more mechanistic model for predicting point efficiency, but it needs evaluation against a commercial scale distillation data bank. One can expect more development in this area of plate efficiency prediction. 

Recoverability. The extrac tion solvent must usually be recovered from the extract stream and also from the raffinate stream in an extraction process. Since distillation is often used, the relative volatility of the extraction-solvent to nonsolvent components should be significantly greater or less than unity. A low latent heat of vaporization is desirable tor a volatile solvent. 

With respect to selecting measurements, emphasis should include measurements within the equipment such as tower internal temperatures and compositions, internal reac tor conditions, and intermediate exchanger temperatures in multipass exchangers. Trace component compositions provide particular insight into distillation-column performance. Those components that fall between the heavy and light keys and distribute in the products can usually be described by a variety of models and parameter estimates They provide little insight into the column performance. 

S rtMtoxy-2-pyra20llna (3). Obutyl ethyleneboronaie 1 (9 2 g, 50 mmol) and 2 (9.2 g, SO mmol) was kept at 20-30°C under N2 ttien healed on a water bath tor 12 days. Alter oooflng to -15°C the upper layer (inbutyl borate) was removed. The lower layer was washed with groin and treated with EtOH (15 mL). Distillation gave 3 16 g (44%) of 3. bp 65-70 Y. 1 mm. 

Citral can also be obtained in a pure state by distilling a mixture of the calcium salt of geranic acid with calcium formate, according to the usual method tor the production of aldehydes. 

However, in a more complex case with many equations where analytical solution would be diflicult, the equations can be solved numerically. All the and simultaneous equation solving packages available in most digital-computer libraries can be used. Keep in mind, however, that these are complex-variable simultaneous equations. A special-purpose method for solving the equations Tor a distillation column will be presented in the next example. 

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