Tools signaling systems

Vibrationally resolved PES and matrix-isolation spectroscopy are classic tools for systems of a few atoms but fail for larger sizes, the former because of spectral congestion and the latter for inadequate signal intensity. 

Cholera toxin and the very similar (in structure and mechanism of action) heat-labile enterotoxin from E. coli (LT-1 or LT, which is responsible for the syndrome of traveler s diarrhea) have been widely applied as molecular tools to facilitate understanding of signalling systems. Examples of molecules besides Gs that were identified because of work on CT are the ADP-ribosylation factors (ARFs), now known to play a critical role in intracellular vesicular transport (Moss and Vaughan, 1995), and the mammalian ADP-ribosyltransferases (Zolkiewska et al., 1994). As more is learned about CT structure and biochemistry, modified or mutant CT and LT molecules are being gen-... 

The optical tweezers technique has been a powerful tool for biological application. We believe that precise control of the cellular microenvironment and single-cell analysis provide opportunities to predict the effects of external stimuli including cell-cell, cell-ECM and cell-soluble factor interaction on the cell behavior and fate, which are link to revealing the internal cellular signaling system. There still exists a broad distribution of cell responses even by single-cell analysis. Researchers need to improve and develop the technique to one utilizable for a precise analysis. The... 

Kanban Often described as a signaling system. This lean tool is most... 

Yoon, B.-J. Vaidyanathan, P.P. (2004). HMM with auxiliary memory A new tool for modeling RNA secondary structures. Proceedings of the 38th Asilomar Conference on Signals, Systems, and Computers, Monterey, CA. 

The complete LDA system includes the appropriate transmission and detection optoelectronics, traverse mechanisms, computer-controlled signal processing, and a data acquisition and evaluation system. The LDA equipment is a powerful tool for the measurement of flow velocity and velocity fluctuation, as well as the local concentration of particles or droplets transported in the airflow. 

Many environmental toxins interact with specific cellular receptors, including enzymes, ion channels and ion pumps, and thus provide natural tools for the study of cellular signalling pathways. Palytoxin, a compound isolated from the coelen-terate of genus Palythoa, is one such useful and intriguing compound. The structure of palytoxin was first determined in 1981 independently by Hirata (7) and Moore (2). As one of the most potent marine toxins known, palytoxin has been studied in a variety of systems ranging from erythrocytes to neurons. As a tumor promoter of the non 12-O-tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA) type, palytoxin can also be studied in the context of a growth control system. 

Another very important technique for fundamental consideration of multicomponent systems is low energy ion scattering (LEIS) [Taglauer and Heiland, 1980 Brongersma et al., 2007]. This is a unique tool in surface analysis, since it provides the ability to define the atomic composition of the topmost surface layer under UHV conditions. The signal does not interfere with the subsurface atomic layers, and therefore the results of LEIS analysis represent exclusively the response from the outer surface. In LEIS, a surface is used as a target that scatters a noble gas ion beam (He, Ne, ... 

Over the years, many instruments have been developed for and used in the scientific laboratory. Today, the computer is used as a major tool in the scientific laboratory for the capture, manipulation, transfer, and storage of data. Consequently, the concern for data quality has shifted from the instruments that are used in the generation of the data to these electronic systems, often neglecting the fact that the data are only as accurate as the instrument measurements. For instance, many electronic systems can be used in chromatography analysis, from the electronic log book where the test substance inventory is kept, throughout data capture in the instrument, to the digitized electronic signal that is the raw data on the computer network. For crop residue samples, the... 

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