Tonka

C, b.p. 290 C. Occurs in the Tonka bean, of which it is the odorous ingredient. Prepared synthetically by heating salicylaldehyde with elhanoic anhydride and sodium elhanoate. It... 

Fougere Family. This family has a typically accepted masculine note reminiscent of fern, tonka, and moss. 

Until the late 1890s, coumarin was obtained commercially from only natural sources by extraction from tonka beans and deer tongue. Then synthetic methods of preparation and industrial manufacturing processes were discovered and developed starting principally from o-cresol, phenol, and sahcylaldehyde. Various methods can be used to obtain coumarin from each of these starting materials. 

Coumarin, or extract of Tonka beans, which contain coumarin, may be detected as follows A small quantity of the essence is evaporated to dryness, the residue fused with caustic potash, saturated with hydrochloric acid and treated with a drop of ferric chloride solution. If coumarin be present, a violet colour due to the formation of salicylic acid, will be produced. 

Note 1 Salbei was a code name for either 99.5% nitric acid or its mixt with 5-10% coned sulfuric acid, added to suppress corrosion (Ref 1, pp 216 231 Ref 2, p Ger 170-R) Note 2 Tonka was a liquid rocket fuel, such as a mixt of crude m-xylidine 57 and Triethyl-amine 43%(Ref 1, p 216 Ref 2, p Ger 199-R) Refs 1) TM 9-1985-2 (1953) 2) PATR 2510... 

However JATO units based on liq propellants have also been used for example the Tonka fuels used with white fuming nitric acid (Ref 1). Tonka fuels are mixtures of aniline, monomethylaniline, dime thylaniline,... 

In rare cases, absolutes can be obtained directly by extracting the plant material with alcohol (e.g., tonka absolute). 

Tonka bean absolute is prepared by solvent extraction either directly from so-called Tonka beans or via the concrete. Tonka beans are the seeds of fruits from Dipteryx odorata (Aubl.) Willd. (Fabaceae). 

Tonka bean absolute is a solid or crystalline mass with a sweet, caramel-like odor, reminiscent of coumarin, which is the main constituent of the volatile part of... 

Coumarin 162 (Structure 4.49) is a naturally occurring lactone in crystal form found in hay and tonka beans. It is one of the most used fragrance materials and is responsible for spicy green notes. Dihydrocoumarine 163 is also present in various essential oils with a characteristic sweet herbal odour. Umbellif-erone 164, scopoletin 165, bergaptene 166 and coumarin are found in Rutaceae, Apiaceae, Lamiaceae and Asteraceae oils. Nepetalactones 167 are confined to the oils of Nepeta species [1,3, 21-23, 63]. 

Coumarin was first isolated by Vogel in 1820 by extraction from tonka beans (Dipteryx odorata). It was subsequently identified in a large number of plants belonging to many different families. Its better known occurrences are in sweet clover (Melilotus alba and M. officinalis), sweet woodruff (Asperula odorata), vanilla leaf (Trilisa odoratissima), vanilla beans (Vanillaplanifolia), cassia (Cinnamorum cassia), lavender (Lavendula officinalis) and balsam of Peru (Myroxylon pereirae) (Perone, 1972 Maries et al, 1987 Boisde Meuly, 1993 Budavari, 1998). 

Food containing any added coumarin as such or as a constituent of tonka beans or tonka extract is deemed to be adulterated under the act , based upon an order published in the Federal Register of 5 March 1954 (19 FR 1239) (Food and Drug Administration, 1999). 

Tonka. A liq rocket fuel (see under Liquid Propellants in Vol 7, L36-R). Ref 1 states that it consisted of 1 p triethylamine and 2p xylidine, while Ref 2 lists its ingredients as aniline plus dimethylaniline as the fuel with nitric acid as oxidizer... 

Although natural flower absolutes are less important than in Chanel No. 5 and Arpege in establishing the essential character of the fragrance, rose, jasmin, and tuberose may be added, together with tonka, to back up the coumarin (1.5%), and a trace of natural vanilla. A trace also of ambrette seed can give a wonderful smoothness to the composition, working particularly well as part of the rose accord. 

At the time when Shalimar was made it was customary to use a high proportion of the alcoholic tinctures made from natural products, rather than the concentrated absolutes and resins. These would have included such products as vanilla, benzoin, and tonka to give naturalness to the ethyl vanillin and coumarin, as well as tinctures of civet, castoreum, ambergris, and musk. Such products retain more of the most volatile components of the starting material, giving a wonderful quality and life to the finished product. 

Everything expensive gets adulterated and faked - vanilla is no exception. Synthetic vanillin is an obvious choice to spice up beans of low quality, or beans that have been extracted to yield the expensive vanilla extract (obtained by macerating vanilla pods in a mixture of water and alcohol). Synthetic vanillin could appear in the extract itself. Tonka bean extract features regularly in vanilla extract, especially in Mexico. 

Tolite/O = 79 °C = 174.2 °F Tolite/T = 80.1 °C = 176.2 °F (french) totuylene diisocyanate 135 342 Tonka = aniline and dimethylaniline as liquid rocket fuel together with nitric acid as oxidator (german) Torpex = mixture of RDX, TNT and aluminum 11 70 342 Totalit = AN with ca. 6% paraffin (swiss)... 

Tonka beans 33. Sweet woodruff 34. Tamarind 35. Umbelliferae 36. Willow 37. Woodruff... 

Coumarin constituents (black cohosh, chamomile, fenugreek, horse chestnut, sweet melilot, tonka beans, sweet woodruff). Naturally occurring coumarins are only weakly anticoagulant, but improper storage causes the production of dicoumarol by microbial transformation. Woodruff may contain constituents of warfarin... 

SYNS 2H-1-BENZOPYRAN-2-ONE 1,2-BENZO-PYRONE cis-o-COUiMARINIC ACID LACTONE COUMARINIC ANHYDRIDE o-HYDROXYCINNAMIC ACID LACTONE o-HYDROXYZIMTSAEURE-LACTON (GERMAN) NCI-C60297 2-OXO-l,2-BENZOPYRAN RATTEX TONKA BE.YN CAMPHOR... 

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