Toluene isopropylation

Quantity Benzene Toluene Isopropyl- benzene Ethyl- benzene P- Xylene m- o-Xylene Xylene Tetra- line... 

Eluent A mixture of toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and ammonium hydroxide (70 29 1), in a nonequilibrated chamber. 

Toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol was chosen as the test reaction as we can follow in a detail the effect of zeolite structural parameters on the toluene conversion, selectivity to cymenes, selectivity to para-cymene, and isopropyl/n-propyl ratio. It should be stressed that toluene/isopropyl alcohol molar ratio used in the feed was 9.6, which indicates the theoretical toluene conversion around 10.4 %. As you can see from Fig. 2 conversion of toluene over SSZ-33 after 15 min of T-O-S is 21 %, which is almost two times higher than the theoretical toluene conversion for alkylation reaction. The value of toluene conversion over SSZ-33 is influenced by a high rate of toluene disproportionation. About 50 % of toluene converted is transformed into benzene and xylenes. Toluene conversion over zeolites Beta and SSZ-35 is around 12 %, which is due to a much smaller contribution of toluene disproportionation to the overall toluene conversion. A slight increase in toluene conversion over ZSM-5 zeolite is connected with the fact that desorption and transport of products in toluene alkylation with isopropyl alcohol is the rate controlling step of this reaction [9]... 

Catalysis experiments were performed to investigate the telomerization of butadiene with ethylene glycol in selected TMS systems (e.g. si toluene DMF 1 5 4 or sl 2-octanol DMSO 1.35 3 5.2). With Pd/TPPTS as the catalyst a maximum yield of only 10% of the desired products could be achieved. With Pd/TPPMS the yield increased up to 43% in the TMS system si toluene isopropyl alcohol, but additional water had to be added to obtain a phase split after the reaction. The catalyst leaching is very high and 29% of the palladium used is lost to the product phase. 

Saponification Value Transfer 2 g of sample, accurately weighed, into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask. Dissolve in 25 mL of a 2 1 toluene isopropyl alcohol mixture. Using a volumetric pipet, add exactly 50.0 mL of 0.1 N methanolic potassium hydroxide. Connect a condenser to the flask, and reflux gently until the sample is completely saponified (usually 30 min). Cool to room temperature, wash the condenser with a few milliliters of water, add 2 to 3 drops of phenolphthalein TS, titrate the excess potassium hydroxide with 0.1 N hydrochloric acid, and record the total volume of acid required. Perform a blank determination (see General Provisions), and make any necessary correction. Calculate the saponification value by the formula... 

Procedure Unless otherwise directed in the individual monograph, transfer about 4 g of the sample, previously crushed into small lumps and accurately weighed, into a 250-mL Erlenmeyer flask, and add 100 mL of a 1 3 mixture of toluene-isopropyl alcohol, previously neutralized to phenol-phthalein TS with sodium hydroxide. Dissolve the sample by shaking or heating gently, if necessary, then add about 0.5 mL of phenolphthalein TS, and titrate with 0.5 N or 0.1 N alcoholic potassium hydroxide to the first pink color that persists for 30 s. Calculate the acid number by the formula... 

Haag (25) has examined the kinetics of toluene isopropylation and ethylation in the presence of REY catalyst. At 1 atm (total pressure) in the liquid phase, toluene alkylation with propylene is uncontrollably fast near 25°C, and decreases in rate with increasing temperature up to the toluene boiling point (110°C) because of decreasing partial pressure... 

In this test, the sample is dissolved in a solvent mixture of toluene, isopropyl alcohol, and a small amount of water and the solution is titrated at room temperature under a nitrogen atmosphere with standard potassium hydroxide (KOH) in isopropyl alcohol to the stable green color of the added indicator p-naphtholbenzein. Dark-colored crude oils (and crude oil products) are more difficult to analyze by this method because of the difficulty in detecting color change. In such cases, the potentiometric titration method (ASTM D-664, IP 177) may be used if sufficient sample is available. 

Solubility. Solid polyamides are soluble in some alcohols and if properly formulated tolerate significant amounts of hydrocarbon-type solvents. Actually these formulated polyamides are more soluble in a combination of alcohol and hydrocarbon solvent than alcohol alone (13). Thus, ethyl alcohol, isopropyl alcohol, propyl alcohol, and butanol can be used in combination with hexane, mineral spirits, xylene, and toluene. Isopropyl acetate may also be used when nitrocellulose compatibility is required. 

Attention was then turned to the use of deuterium with special emphasis on where the deuterium was located in the molecule. Model deuterated compounds such as the methanes, ethanes, propanes, toluenes, isopropyl alcohols, were synthesized.(82-84) The first approach for analysis was the use of Infrared spectra. The Brookhaven Chemistry Department had acquired an excellent spectrometer making the home-made one at Princeton obsolete. However it was decided that mass spectrometry offered a more incisive determination of the number of various isotopic molecules and the positions of the tracer atoms in these molecules. During the war years, the Chemistry Department at Princeton University had an all glass spectrometer made by Lee Harris, the glassblower of the Physics Department and placed into operation by G. Joris with the help of Turkevich. It was used primarily for hydrogen-deuterium analy-... 

In geologic conditions nonpolar, hydrophobic substances under consideration, depending on pressure and temperature are capable of changing their phase state and can be gaseous, liquid or even solid. In gas state they form underground gas whose composition is dominated by such components as CH, more rarely and very rarely CO. Liquid nonpolar substances are mobile solutions (crude oil, oil products, residual oil, etc.,) whose composition is dominated by complex non-volatile organic compounds, namely, liquid alkanes (from pentane to heptadecane), almost all naphthenes, numerous aromatic hydrocarbons (benzene, toluene, isopropyl benzene, etc.), which in pure form may have melting temperature below 0 °C. 

Table 6.69 Viscosity of RS Vi Sec. Nitrocellulose In Mixtures of Toluene, Isopropyl Alcohol and Methyl Isobutyl Ketone (14)...

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