Toluene carpets

Toluene Solvent, perfumes, detergents, dyes, water-based adhesives, moulding tape, wallpaper, calcium silica sheet, paint, carpeting, carpet adhesives, grease solvents. 29 3... 

Two other derivatives of toluene are the important explosive trinitrotoluene (TNT) and the polyurethane monomer toluene diisocyanate (TDI). TNT requires complete nitration of toluene. TDI is derived from a mixture of dinitrotoluenes (usually 80% o,p and 20% o,o) by reduction to the diamine and reaction with phosgene to the diisocyanate. TDI is made into flexible foam polyurethanes for cushioning in furniture (35%), transportation (25%), carpet underlay (20%), and bedding (10%). A small amount is used in polyurethane coatings, rigid foams, and elastomers. 

Component 1 in Singapore buildings was correlated with compounds associated with humans and their activities. Human effluents have been reported to contain isoprene (Ellin et al, 1974) while tetrachloroethylene is a VOC found in dry-cleaned clothes worn by building occupants (Wallace, Pellizzari and Wendel, 1991) or from the use of consumer products (Sack et al., 1992). Tetradecane, benzaldehyde, o-xylene, naphthalene are emissions from dry process photocopiers (Leovic et al., 1996). Component 2 with high loadings ofn-decane, n- undecane, toluene, styrene, n-nonane, 1,2,4-trimethyl benzene probably reflects the emissions of carpets and vinyl floorings (Yu and Crump, 1998). Component 3 was primarily correlated with heptane and methylcyclopentane, which could be due to the emissions of water-based paints. Finally, component 4 was associated with 2-methylpentane, hexane, cyclohexane, methylcyclohexane and limonene, which is reflective of the emissions of air fresheners and cleaning products (Sack et al., 1992). 

There have been limited field and controlled exposure studies that evaluated human reactions to carpet emissions. Winfield (1987) described a USA primary school where odor, headache, nausea, fatigue and mucosal irritation were reported by a high proportion of the students. Elevated indoor air concentrations of styrene (900-4000 xg m 3) were found, which were believed to be due to a SB R latex-backed carpet which had been installed several years previously. The carpet was removed and the ill-effects were reported to abate. Johnsen et al. (1990) exposed asthma sufferers to a foam rubber-backed carpet in a room chamber. While no clinical effects on lung function were observed, objective eye measurements found that there was a change in tear film quality. This was proposed to result from a degreasing effect of lipophilic VOCs, identified as toluene and acetone (Wolkoff, Nielsen and Hansen, 1990). 

Toluene diisocyanate is made into flexible foam polyurethanes for cushioning in furniture, automobiles, carpets, bedding, polyurethane coatings, rigid foams, and elastomers. 

Toluene diisocyanate is used for the production of flexible polyurethane foams for furniture, transportation uses, carpet underlay, and bedding for coatings in rigid foams and elastomers. 

Toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is polymerized with diols to produce polyurethanes, which are used to make flexible foam for furniture cushions, mattresses, and carpet pads. 

Caprolactam. Essentially all caprolactam is used in the manufacture of nylon 6 fibers. In 1998, global demand reached nearly 7.3 billion lb with 1.7 billion lb used in North America. This is a fast-growing nylon with applications in carpets, textiles, and tires. Caprolactam can be produced from cyclohexane, phenol, and toluene via cyclohexanone. It is then reacted with hydroxylamine to give an oxime. The oxime undergoes an acid-catalyzed rearrangement to give caprolactam. 

Some VOCs can be malodorous pollutants, sensory irritants, or hazardous air pollutants. Hazardous VOC air pollutants include acetaldehyde, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, ethylbenzene, formaldehyde, hexane, methylene chloride, naphthalene, paradichlorobenzene, pesticides (biocides), styrene, tetrachloroethylene, toluene, trichloroethylene, and xylenes. They are found in essentially all indoor locations, released by off gassing from numerous sources, such as construction and decorating materials, consumer products, paints, paint removers, furnishings, carpets, and from combustion of wood, kerosene, and tobacco. While more than 500 VOCs have... 

A good correlation was noted between release rate coefficients at loadings of 1.4-2.8 m2 of product surface area/m of chamber volume and formaldehyde extractable into toluene (Table V r = 0.999 p = < 0.001). Total extractable formaldehyde was quite low in both carpet and fiberglass insulation (0.5-1.6 mg/100 g of material) relative to that in plywood or particle board (22-55 mg/100 g of material) (Table V) (12). 

Aromatic Diisocyanates. Tolylene or toluene diisocyanate (TDI) is the traditional work horse of the PUR industry [94], Because of its origin, which starts with nitration of toluene, ordinary TDI is a 80 20 mixture of 2,4— and 2,6-diisocyanatotoluene ( 1.01). The minority component of this mixture reacts slower than the 2,4-isomer because both isocyanato groups are sterically inhibited, and hence 100% pure 2,4—isomer is also available at a premium price of 1.60 (Mobay s Mondur TDS). The pure 2,4—isomer of TDI is likely to give an overall more linear PUR end product. The consumption of TDI is affected strongly by the consumer demand for furniture (cushions, mattresses, etc.) and carpet pads, and thus it is sensitive to the general state of the economy and the construction sector, in particular [85]. 

Fig. 7.7 SEM micrographs showing the morphology of the carbon nanotubes carpet generated by pyrolysis of a ferrocene and toluene mixture at 800°C. A top view, B bottom view.

Other VOC such as Aliphatic hydrocarbons - e.g., mainly hexane Halogenated aliphatic hydrocarbons - e.g., mainly chloroform Aliphatic alcohols - e.g., methanol, ethanol and 1-butanol Glycols and glycol ethers Aromatic hydrocarbons - e.g., mainly benzene, toluene and xylene Various endocrine disrupters (ECD) (certain additives and plasticisers) Emitting from carpets, flooring materials, paints, furniture. Eound in natural and synthetic resins, paints and lacquers Eound in paints, adhesives and pesticides... 

Uses Anti-resoil agent for carpet shampoo and carpet mfg. surfactant in emulsion polymerization pigment dispersant in overprint varnishes, inks Features High heat resist. high gloss exc. compat. re ubilityfink transfer Properties Off-wh. flakes or poviKf. sol. > 50 100 ml in acetone, MEK, THF, ethyl acetate sol. < 1 g/100 ml in n-hexane, toluene, 190 proof ethanol vise. 50 cP (20% sol n., 30 C) m.p. 160-170 C acid no. 255-285 99% act. 

Other chemical products, often referred to as connnodity chemicals, are required in large quantities. These are often intermediates in the manufacture of specialty chemicals and industrial and consumer products. These include ethylene, propylene, butadiene, methanol, ethanol, ethylene oxide, ethylene glycol, ammonia, nylon, and caprolactam (for carpets), together with solvents like benzene, toluene, phenol, methyl chloride, and tetrahydrofuran, and fuels like gasoline, kerosene, and diesel fuel. These are manufactured in large-scale processes that produce billions of pounds annually in continuous operation. Since they usually involve small well-defined molecules, the focus of the design is on the process to produce these chemicals from various raw materials. 

Gas samples from room air were also detected with PTR-MS to estimate the indoor air quality [4,123]. Samples were taken from five rooms constructed more than 20 years ago. Two rooms had been equipped with new furniture and carpets only 2 months before the measurements were done. The concentrations of formaldehyde and ethanol were quite similar in the old and newly furnished rooms. Acetaldehyde, methanol, propanol, acetone, and toluene were strongly enhanced in the two newly furnished rooms. It was also found that the concentration of formaldehyde in four of the five rooms was higher than the maximum concentration allowed by Austrian law for permanent exposure dose to human [4]. 

Once the reaction is successful, the elastomer strip is loosened from the centrifuge wall with the non-cutting side of a thin lancet. The elastomer film is carefully removed from the cell together with the Teflon support and cut into smaller (usually two or three) pieces. For cutting the swollen polymer gel the best method is to use a carpet knife and a hammer. That way, a clean cut of both the gel and the Teflon band is achieved. It is useful, especially if working with sticky side chain elastomers, to keep some toluene at the preparation table to clean the tools before reuse. If possible, both long rims of the film should also be cut with a carpet knife, because small defects at the rim can... 

This exposure route involves breathing chemicals either as vapors (e.g., toluene in glue formaldehyde in new carpets) or particulates (e.g., smog). Inhaled chemicals will pass through the nose and mouth into the respiratory tract, which includes the trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli. The bronchi, bronchioles, and alveoli comprise the lungs. 

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