Tobacco-related diseases

This work was supported by research grants from the National Institutes of Health (HL-35014 HL-40922), the Laubisch Fund for Cardiovascular Research, and the Tobacco-Related Disease Research Program. The author is grateful to Diane Rome Peebles for preparing the illustrations. 

About 50% of smokers end up dying from a tobacco-related disease. ... 

Of the approximately 4800 substances in tobacco smoke (1373), 44 are beheved...to be relevant to tobacco-related diseases (23A06). These include... some volatile carbonyl compounds, tobacco-specific A-nitrosamines, aromatic amines, phenols, volatile alkenes, benzo[a]pyrene and metals. These substances are sometimes called colloquially Hoffmann analytes since similar lists of toxicological substances have been proposed by Dietrich Hoffmann et al. of the American Health Foundation in New York since the mid 1980s. The latest compilation by Hoffmann et al. lists 82 substances (1741,1743, 1744). 

Serious interest in the health status of Adventists initially arose in the late 1950 s as part of a surge of research effort to investigate the health effects of tobacco use. Adventists provide an opportunity to evaluate the risk of smoking-related diseases among a group who reportedly abstain from both tobacco and alcohol. 

Billion Money lost or spent due to tobacco related illnesses or disease. 

However, a number of medical experts doubt that marijuana really has medical value. They cite the risk of lung cancer and other smoking-related diseases as being present in marijuana as well as tobacco. Currently an aerosol version of THC is being developed. Like smoking, it would get the drug into the bloodstream quickly and allow for control of dose, but it would eliminate the tars and other dangerous components. 

Cancers only account for about half of the smoking-related deaths. Smoking is a major cause of bronchitis, emphysema, heart disease, and stroke. Tobacco is associated with female reproductive health, increases in miscarriage rates, early delivery, stillbirth, infant death, and low birth rate. It is estimated that 9 million Americans suffer from tobacco-related illnesses at any given time. ... 

It is estimated that about 1 billion people will die of tobacco-related illnesses in the twenty-first century and that a substantial proportion of these deaths will result from tobacco-induced cardiovascular disease. Cardiovascular diseases associated with tobacco use include 48 49 ... 

The majority of the substance abuse-related diseases in the Medicaid population are linked to tobacco and illicit drugs, many related to birth complications resulting from cocaine use. More than 60 Medicare ailments are attributable to ATOD abuse. The majority of the substance abuse-related diseases in the Medicare population are... 

There are about 1.3 billion smokers worldwide, a staggering number, to which the United States contributes 60 million. Among them, the majority wants to and has tried to quit. Because tobacco-related illnesses are the second leading cause of death (after heart disease), there is a tremendous need for new therapies. A new concept in this vein is the... 

In addition, Pfizer has identified a number of related, fused bicyclic pyrazole analogues [286-292]. These compounds, of which structures (419 25) are specified examples, are claimed to be of use in the treatment of a number of diseases including alcoholism, psychosis, tobacco abuse, Parkinson s disease and obesity. 

Much of the toxicological interest in cyanide relating to mammals has focused on its rapid lethal action. However, its most widely distributed toxicologic problems are due to its toxicity from dietary, industrial, and environmental factors (Way 1981, 1984 Gee 1987 Marrs and Ballantyne 1987 Eisler 1991). Chronic exposure to cyanide is correlated with specific human diseases Nigerian nutritional neuropathy, Leber s optical atrophy, retrobulbar neuritis, pernicious anemia, tobacco amblyopia, cretinism, and ataxic tropical neuropathy (Towill etal. 1978 Way 1981 Sprine etal. 1982 Beminger et al. 1989 Ukhun and Dibie 1989). The effects of chronic cyanide intoxication are confounded by various nutritional factors, such as dietary deficiencies of sulfur-containing amino acids, proteins, and water-soluble vitamins (Way 1981). 

The other specific causes of death which are shown on Table I (coronary disease, stroke, accidents and suicide) are known to be related to alcohol or tobacco use. However, for fatal coronary disease, which is the major killer in this country, the risk among... 

---