Titanate patents

A more recent patent describes the production of titanyl nitrate by electrolysis of titanium tetrachloride or titanyl chloride (37). Other titanium nitrogen compounds that have been described include titanous amide [15190-25-9] Ti(NH2)3, titanic amide [15792-80-0] Ti(NH)2, and various products in which amines have reacted with titanium tetrachloride (38). 

Pechini, M. 1967. Method of preparing lead and alkaline earth titanates and niobates and coating method using the same to form a capacitor. U.S. Patent 3,330,697. 

S.J. (1998) Solid propellant with titanate bonding agent. US Patent 5,753,853 Chem. Abstr., (1998) 129 (3), 29783a. 

Thus, the above mentioned additives, as well as the refining of the esters, can be eliminated. The use of auxiliary liquids is also unnecessary. The esterification process patented in the Federal Republic of Germany in 1951 (6) now makes it possible (besides other processes developed on a similar basis (16, 22)) to produce plasticizer esters of excellent quality, simply and cheaply. In this connection we should like to mention the use of titanic acid esters as esterification and trans-esterification catalysts known since 1955 (29), and 1951 (15). 

Transesterifications. Use of titanates for transesterification has been described in the patent literature for some time and has now been recommended for research purposes by Seebach et al. In the presence of catalytic amounts of a tetraalkyl titanate, esters undergo transesterification with the alcohol solvent. Acyl-protected alcohols are deprotected in the process, but a wide variety of functional groups are unaffected, such as C=0, OH, OSi(CH3)2C(CH3)3, acetonide, lactam. One advantage is that completely dry alcohols are not required. 

Normally, transesterif Icat ions are acid- or base-catalyzed, e.g., sulfuric acid, p-toluenesulfonic acid, and potassium or sodium alkoxides in the appropriate alcohols. These methods fail with molecules containing acld-or base-labile functional groups. The titanate-mediated esterifications, deacylations, and transesterifications of rather simple, monofunctional substrates are described in the patent literature see the references in a recent article. Recently, Seebach, et al. 4 have demonstrated that this method is applicable also to substrates with additional functional groups... 

Ballard Power Systems of Canada (see web site) is the Titan, the co-ordinating major force in the international proton exchange fuel cell or polymer electrolyte fuel cell (PEFC) business. Ballard claims over 500 patents Also, a worldwide complex of allies serves its international interests. 

It has been found that compounds of the alkaline earth metals as well as rare earths are suitable for vanadium trapping. Patents relating to the use of titanates of calcium (22), barium (23), and strontium (24) have been issued. Equivalent stannates of calcium and strontium have also been recommended (24,25). Rare earths as separate particles (26) and in the same catalyst particle (27) have been proposed. Naturally occurring minerals such as Sepiolite and Dolomite which are rich in magnesium oxide and calcium oxide have been suggested (28). 

Specihcally with regard to the pyrolysis of plastics, new patents have been filed recently containing variable degrees of process description and equipment detail. For example, a process is described for the microwave pyrolysis of polymers to their constituent monomers with particular emphasis on the decomposition of poly (methylmethacrylate) (PMMA). A comprehensive list is presented of possible microwave-absorbents, including carbon black, silicon carbide, ferrites, barium titanate and sodium oxide. Furthermore, detailed descriptions of apparatus to perform the process at different scales are presented [120]. Similarly, Patent US 6,184,427 presents a process for the microwave cracking of plastics with detailed descriptions of equipment. However, as with some earlier patents, this document claims that the process is initiated by the direct action of microwaves initiating free-radical reactions on the surface of catalysts or sensitizers (i.e. microwave-absorbents) [121]. Even though the catalytic pyrolysis of plastics does involve free-radical chain reaction on the surface of catalysts, it is unlikely that the microwaves on their own are responsible for their initiation. 

Lee, B.L, Wang, X., and Hu, M., Nanocrystal barium titanate via low temperature ambient pressure conditions, U.S. Patent application in process, June 2002. Wang, X., Lee, B.L, Hu, M., and Payzant, A., J. Mater. Sci. Lett., 22, 557, 2003. Gould Electronics, TCC embedded planar capacitor technology, available at www.gould.com. 

US patent 5,763,630 claims silver catalysts supported on other alkaline earth metal compounds than carbonates, such as calcium titanate, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium molybdate, or calcium fluoride, as well as the magnesium and strontium analogues. Such supports provide significantly higher selectivity to the desired epoxide than would be expected from the performance of related materials. Selectivities are lower than those reported in the original Union Carbide patent. 

For a long time, tire fiber industry had been aware of PTT having desirable properties for fiber applications. In a 1971 patent [3], Fiber Industries, Inc. found PTT fiber to have a lower modulus, better bending and work recoveries titan PET, and was therefore more suitable titan PET for making fiberfill and carpets. Ward et al. [4] compared tlte mechanical properties of tlte tltree polyester fibers, and found PTT indeed had a better tensile elastic recoveiy and a lower modulus titan botlt PET and PBT. These two properties are veiy desirable and are valued... 

The first method uses the controlled concurrent hydrolysis of tetraethoxytitanium (IV) and tetraethoxysilane. This procedure has been labeled the mixed alkoxide method. Frequently, the acronyms TET (tetraethyltitanate) and TEOS (tetraethyl orthosilicate or tetraethoxysilane) are used for the respective reactants these are derived from the alternative names tetraethyl titanate and tetraethylorthosilicate. In examples described in patents, the synthesis involves adding TET to TEOS and then combining the alkoxide mixture with an aqueous solution of a SDA, which is typically tetrapropylammonium hydroxide (TPAOH). The resulting precursor mixture is then heated to a temperature of 175 °C to initiate crystallization. Subsequent washing of the crystallized solid with water, drying, and air calcination produces framework titanium-containing silicalite. 

Bellussi, G., Carati, A., Clerici, M.G., Esposito, A., Millini, R., and Buonomo, F. (1989) Procede pour la preparation de materiaux synthetiques cristallins poreux constitutes d oxydes de silicium et de titane. Belgium Patent 1,001,038. 

A process for the titanate catalyzed preparation of plasticizers from polycarboxyhc acids and alcohols, which minimizes waste water and is energy efficient, has been patented. The reaction product is treated with aqueous caustic and it is then filtered using an absorbent medium which removes titanium, caustic, acid salts and water. The need for water washing is obviated, and the final plasticizer product has excellent properties. This process can be used for production of phthalates, adipates, and trimellitates."... 

This procedure, originally described by Beer in South African Patent 680,834, consists of an initial treatment of the substrate (Grade 1 or 2 titanium) in hot aqueous oxalic acid, followed by ultrasonic cleaning in water. After the electrode is dried, it is coated with a butyl alcohol solution, containing about 0.5 M HCl and Ru as RuCla and Ti as butyl titanate. The ratio of Ru Ti in the solution is the same as the value desired in the coating. It is then heated in air at a temperature of 300-500°C for 1-5 min to form a coating of TiOi + Ru02 on the titanium substrate. 

Table 5.3, extracted from the European Patent application repolymerization [28], shows the beneficial effects of titanates on most properties of ABS, PC, PP, and PS thermoplastics. As an additional example. Figure 5.6 shows the repolymerization effect of 0.2% LICA 12 on a 50/50 blend of LDPE and PP after six thermal cycles through a twin-screw extruder. The melt index of the control blend without titanate climbs from 17 to 38, while the value for the blend with titanate is only 24 this indicates a significant decrease in chain-scission due to the titanate. 

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