Respiratory coefficient

Instrumentation is also fitted to provide a continuous display of important variables such as temperature and pH, the power used hy the electric motor, airflow, dissolved oxygen and exhaust gas analysis. Manual or computer feedback control can be based either directly on the signals provided hy the prohes and sensors or on derived data calculated from those signals, such as the respiratory coefficient or the rate of change of pH. Mass spectronomical analysis of exhaust gases can provide valuable physiological information. 

Stolbov, A.Ya. (1990). Tissue respiration and respiratory coefficients in Black Sea fishes at different periods of the annual cycle (In Russian). In Bioenergetics of Aquatic Organisms (G.E. Shulman, ed.), pp. 160-166. Naukova Dumka, Kiev. 

In some surface waters (and shallow groundwaters) depleted in dissolved oxygen because of their organic-matter content, there is an inverse correlation between the O2 consumed by aerobic decay and respiration and the increase in CO2 found in the water over its equilibrium atmospheric value. This would be expected if changes in the dissolved oxygen and carbon dioxide contents of the water are controlled chiefly by respiration and aerobic decay (reaction 2 ). The ratio of the CO2 produced to the O2 consumed is called the respiratory coefficient, or,... 

The respiratory quotient (RQ) is often used to estimate metabolic stoichiometry. Using quasi-steady-state and by definition of RQ, develop a system of two linear equations with two unknowns by solving a matrix under the following conditions the coefficient of the matrix with yeast growth (y = 4.14), ammonia (yN = 0) and glucose (ys = 4.0), where the evolution of C02 and biosynthesis are very small (o- = 0.095). Calculate the stoichiometric coefficient for RQ =1.0 for the above biological processes ... 

The Bureau of Mines, Denver Research Center and the Department of Energy, Environmental Measurement Laboratory, developed through parallel efforts, two closely related techniques for the measurement of 218p0 (RaA) diffusion coefficient spectra. This work was prompted by reports in the past 5 years indicating that the diffusion coefficient of unattached 218Po may vary due to various physical and chemical factors in different environments. The diffusion coefficient is important because it affects the amount and site of 218Po deposition in the respiratory tract. 

Com. M., N. Kotsko, and D. Stanton. Mass transfer coefficient for sulfur dioxide and nitrogen dioxide removal in cat upper respiratory tract. In W. H. Walton. Ed. Inhaled Particles IV. Proceedings of the Fourth International Symposium on Inhaled Particles and Vapors, British Occupational Hygiene Society, Edinburgh, September, 1975. London Pergamon Press. Ltd. (in press)... 

Questions relating to those interaction terms are addressed through the d coefficient as before. In the above example, looking for treatment-by-covariate interactions would be asking whether the treatment benefit, in terms of a reduction in the likelihood of the baby suffering respiratory distress, was the same for babies delivered at 37, 38 and 39 weeks. 

Male Fischer 344/N rats were exposed via the nose only for 6 h to concentrations of vinylidene fluoride ranging from 27 to 16 000 ppm [71-42 000 mg/m. Tidal volume (mean, 1.51 mL/brcath) and respiratory frequency (mean, 132 breaths/min) were not influenced by exposure concentration. Steady-state blood levels of vinylidene fluoride increased linearly with increasing exposure concentration up to 16 000 ppm. Vinylidene fluoride tissue/air partition coefficients were determined experimentally to be 0.07, 0.18, 0.8,10, and 0.29 for water, blood, liver, fat and muscle, respectively. Previously published detenninations (Filser Bolt, 1979) for the maximum velocity of metabolism in mg/li/kg) and Michaelis Menten constant (K in mg/L) are 0.07 and 0.13, respectively. Time to reach steady-state blood levels of vinylidene fluoride was less than 15 min for all concentrations. After cessation of exposure, blood levels of vinylidene fluoride decreased to 10% of steady-state levels within 1 h. Simulation of the metabolism of vinylidene fluoride mdicated that although blood levels of vinylidene fluoride increased linearly with increasing exposure concentration, the amount of vinylidene fluoride metabolized per 6-h exposure period approached a maximum at about 2000 ppm [5240 mg/m vinylidene fluoride (Medinsky et al., 1988). 

Active fish have a better developed capillary system in the red muscle to supply oxygen to the mitochondria, and a higher haematocrit (Blaxter et al., 1971). The red muscle tissue also contains more cytochromes (respiratory proteins), and exhibits more cytochrome oxidase activity, which is responsible for transferring electrons in die respiratory chain, more efficient respiration control (oxidative phosphorylation and P/O coefficient) and a greater Atkinson charge, which characterizes energy reserve accumulated in adenyl nucleotides ... 

Figure 7.10 shows the percentage deposition of the exhaust aerosol in the lung as a function of the length of the respiratory cycle (Chamberlain etal., 1978). Eight volunteers inhaled the aerosols. Tidal volumes ranged from 0.3 to 2.31. Individual results showed a coefficient of variation of 20% relative to the curves of Fig. 7.10. In the experiments with the wind-tunnel aerosols (0.02,0.04 and 0.09 m) there was no significant effect of tidal volume on the percentage deposition.

Van Zyl et al. reported on the diffusion of ipratropium through porcine bronchial epithelium tissue [74], In principle, ipratropium is administered via the respiratory tract by inhalation to treat pulmonary diseases associated with bronchoconstriction. Therefore, pulmonary absorption by bronchial tissue determines its local efficacy and was thus investigated in a diffusion cell in vitro. Bronchial epithelium was equilibrated in PBS and discs of 4 mm2 were mounted on that diffusion cell separating the donor and receiver compartment. The donor compartment contained the drug dissolved in PBS (1 mg/ml) and the receiving chamber was permanently flushed with a low flow (1.5 ml/h) of PBS thus allowing time-resolved fractionation for subsequent direct analysis by LC-ESI MS/MS in MRM mode. Transition to the product ion at m z 124 was monitored for quantification (Table 9). The transfer of ipratropium was characterized by the flux (about 220 ng/cm2/min) and the permeability coefficient calculated to be 1.6 x 10-8 cm/s. 

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