Glutathione system

Benzi, G., Pastoris, O., Marzatico, F. and Villa, R.F. (1988). Influence of aging and dmg treatment on cerebral glutathione system. Neurobiol. Aging 9, 371-375. 

G. Benzi and A. Moretti, Age- and peroxidative stress-related modifications of the cerebral enzymatic activities linked to mitochondria and the glutathione system. Free Radical Biol. Med. 19, 77-101 (1995). 

The measurements of glutathione reflect the total capacity of decontamination of oxidative stress within the cornea. The glutathione system gives the outer... 

All decontaminations of radicals within the body are operated by means of structural changes of ascorbate, P-carotin, or tocopherol. Those reactive partners known as the antioxidative system are all regenerated by the glutathione system. Therefore, this system gives a good overview on the oxidative state of a tissue (Fig. 6.18). 

In its biochemical functions, ascorbic acid acts as a regulator in tissue respiration and tends to serve as an antioxidant in vitro by reducing oxidizing chemicals. The effectiveness of ascorbic acid as an antioxidant when added to various processed food products, such as meats, is described in entry on Antioxidants. In plant tissues, the related glutathione system of oxidation and reduction is fairly widely distributed and there is evidence that election transfer reactions involving ascorbic acid are characteristic of animal systems. Peroxidase systems also may involve reactions with ascorbic acid In plants, either of two copper-protein enzymes are commonly involved in the oxidation of ascorbic acid. 

Zeevalk G. D., Bernard L. P., and Nicklas W. J. (1998). Role of oxidative stress and the glutathione system in loss of dopamine neurons due to impairment of energy metabolism. J. Neurochem. 70 1421-1430. 

Glutathione system in loss of dopamine neurons due to impairment of energy metabolism... 

Olsvik, P.A., T. Kristensen, R. Waagbo, K.E. Tollefsen, B.O. Rosseland, and H. Toften. 2006. Effects of hypo- and hyperoxia on transcription levels of five stress genes and the glutathione system in liver of Atlantic cod Gadus morhua. J. Exp. Biol. 209 2893-2901. 

The amount of 2-pentylpyridine generated in the 2,4-decadienal/ glutathione system was greater than that in the 2,4-decadienal/ cysteine system. It is known that the formation of dithiazine or thiadiazine requires the presence of free ammonia. The absence of formation of dithiazine or thiadiazine in the 2,4-decadienal/glu-tathione system indicates that no free ammonia is available. This strongly suggests that the formation of 2-pentylpyridine does not require the presence of free ammonia. It is possible that the amino... 

Wu, L., and Juurlink, B.H. 2001. The impaired glutathione system and its up-regulation by sul-foraphane in vascular smooth muscle cells from spontaneously hypertensive rats. J Hypertens 19 1819-1825. 

Biochemical Function. The best way to describe tocopherol s role is that of a lipid-soluble antioxidant. It protects unsaturated lipids from o gen-induced peroxide formation. There Is evidence for both free-radical one-electron chemistry (Fig. 8.20) and two-electron qui-none-hydroquinone chemistry (Fig. 8.21) (35). The oxidized/reduced glutathione system may he part of the system that regenerates reduced a-tocopherol. At one time it was thought that the preference for the 2-R stereoisomers indicated that the vitamin was part of a biochemical oaddation/reduction system, possibly as a coenzyme. So far that role for a-tocopherol has not been found. The current evidence points to the... 

Tessier F, Margaritis I, Richard M-J, et al. 1995. Selenium and training effects on the glutathione system and aerobic performance. Med Sci Sports Exer 27(3) 390-396. 

Natural acryloyl compounds can also undergo CTI catalyzed by enzymatic systems. In this way, the CTI of maleylacetoacetate, a degradation product of phenylalanine and tyrosine, to fumarylacetoacetate was achieved by the cis-trans isomer-ase glutathione system. The reaction seems to involve a nucleophilic attack at the C2 carbon rather than a conjugated addition and the subsequent rotation of the single bond [58]. 

Spina, M.B., Squinto, S.P., Miller, J., Lindsay, R.M. and Hyman, C. (1992) Brain-derived neurotrophic factor protects dopamine neurons against 6-hydroxydopamine and N-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ion toxicity involvement of the glutathione system. J. Neurochem. 59 99-106. 

The mature erythrocyte cannot synthesize new membrane proteins or lipids. However, membrane lipids can be freely exchanged with circulating lipoprotein lipids. The glutathione system protects the proteins and lipids from oxidative damage. 

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