Tissue engineering future

The ability of these peptidomimetic collagen-structures to adopt triple helices portends the development of highly stable biocompatible materials with collagenlike properties. For instance, it has been found that surface-immobilized (Gly-Pro-Meu)io-Gly-Pro-NH2 in its triple-helix conformation stimulated attachment and growth of epithelial cells and fibroblasts in vitro [77]. As a result, one can easily foresee future implementations of biostable collagen mimics such as these, in tissue engineering and for the fabrication of biomedical devices. 

All in all, the future of IVD tissue engineering is bright and novel developments in scaffold chemistry utilizing both synthetic and biopolymers are bound to should provide excellent alternatives for millions of patients suffering from IDD. 

Andersson H, van den Berg A (2004) Microfabrication and microfluidics for tissue engineering state of the art and future opportunities. Lab Chip 4 98-103... 

Langer R (2007) Editorial Tissue engineering - perspectives, challenges, and future directions. Tissue Eng 13 1-2. 

Future studies will focus on understanding the contribution of different hierarchical levels to the overall performance of the tissue. This in turn will allow the optimum design of biomimetics and future biomaterials, and will provide essential information for tissue engineering. 

In practice, further important aspects of BC are the focus of interest, concerning cooling of overtaxed muscles and particularly wound treatment of animals such as horses, sheep, cows, cats, and dogs. Extremely highly infected wounds are frequent in dogs after car crashes or similar accidents [143]. Furthermore, treatment of badly healing and permanent wounds, e.g., ulcers, and in the clinical and home-care sector both for human and veterinary medicine, as well as specific applications in tissue engineering will be major future developments. 

It is anticipated that in the coming years, a number of HA-derivatives will appear for clinical application in Dermatology that contain cross-linked HA polymers as well as HA-ester derivatives obtained by the conjugation of the carboxylic acid of HA with various drugs in their alcohol forms. The HA polymer, because of its intrinsic biocompatibility, reactivity, and degradability, will have many uses in the rapidly expanding field of tissue engineering and in the tissue substitutes of the future. 

It is well recognized that in the future, many other areas will also benefit from SFF technologies, including the fields of architecture, dentistry, and tissue engineering. 

In the future, nanotubes and nanofibers can be administered systemically, if the problem of their toxicity is addressed, for example, by appropriate polymer coating. In this respect, the continuous nanofibers are more likely to be used in implants or tissue engineering applications. 

The current state of technology does not allow for evaluation of toxic effects on lymphoid architecture that could lead to defects in cellular interactions necessary for induction of immune responses (e.g., lymph nodes). Future developments in tissue engineering may solve this problem, but this is a long-range possibility. 

The collection of stories that involve tissue engineering concepts shows the promise and spectacular possibilities that the future could bring. However, rarely do these stories fully conceptualize or even mention the challenges involved in performing these acts in reality. Until the advancement of tissue engineering in the 1970s, replacements for bodily tissues were prostheses made of wood, ceramics, and plastics. Replaced body parts included arms, legs, eyes, ears, teeth, and noses. 

The multiscale system also appears to be capable of providing more enhanced biological functionality, particularly for vascularization, which is favored by the interaction of ECs with the nanofibrous network.s that allow suitable cell architecture and orientation for microtubule formation. Thus, the synergistic effect of micro- and nanoscales could successfully regenerate natural tissues in vivo in the near future. Future work should focus on optimizing this process to better recapitulate key features of the native ECM, including its mechanical and biochemical properties, which would enhance the functionality of these 3D multiscale scaffolds in order to fabricate functional tissue engineered constructs. 

---