Tissue constituents

In addition to applications in the area of systematic fingerprinting and quantification of valuable plant substances, FT-IR microspectroscopy has become a powerful tool for monitoring cell wall constituents such as pectins, proteins, aromatic phenols, cellulose, and hemicellulose [41]. 

A hyperspectral imaging system was developed by Nicolai et al. to identify a pit lesion on apples. A partial least squares (PLS) calibration model was constructed to discriminate between pixels of unaffected and bitter pit lesions [42]. The obtained calibration model was successfully validated on different apples. The 

In strawberry achene, vascular bundles, and cortical cell walls, different chemical substances were identified and localized by means of FT-IR spectroscopy [43]. In this context, sections of frozen strawberries were cut in a cryostat and subsequently analyzed by the use of FT-IR microspectroscopy. The measurements prove that hgnin represents an important component of achene and vascular bundles, whereas the cortical cell walls contain mainly pectin and cellulose in the middle lamella, and protein as deposits in the outer layer. 

ATR-IR spectroscopy was used for in situ analysis of naturally occurring carotenoids in tomato fruits and tomato products [5]. Most important pigments of red tomato fruits are lycopene and /i-carotene, which are 11- and 9-conjugated carotenes, respectively. 

In order to characterize influences of sublethal sunscald injury, Raman mapping was performed at the same tomato fruit [6]. The affected area of the fruit was measured and the bands at 1510 cm (lycopene) and 1524cm ( -carotene) were integrated. 

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Anabolic activity. The ability of a drug to promote the synthesis of tissue constituents. 

Infrared Absorption Analysis of Tissue Constituents, particularly Tissue Lipids (Schwarz), 3, 1 Iron, Plasma (Ramsay), 1, 2... 

Fluoroethanol itself is innocuous towards a variety of tissue constituents, a series of enzymes in rat-liver mince, and the respiration and metabolism in liver, kidney, heart and brain slice.3 After a period of incubation in those tissues known to contain alcohol dehydrogenase, e.g. liver and kidney, the respiration and pyruvate oxidation were strongly inhibited. Likewise, following a period of incubation with yeast, acetate oxidation was blocked. These inhibitions were similar to those produced by fluoroacetate, and the facts can best be explained by the oxidation of fluoroethanol to fluoroacetic acid by alcohol dehydrogenase. 

Butler TC. 1961. Reduction of carbon tetrachloride in vivo and reduction of carbon tetrachloride and chloroform in vitro by tissues and tissue constituents. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 134 311-319. 

Infrared Absorption Analysis of Tissue Constituents, Particularly Tissue Lipids... 

Due to the transparent nature of all ocular tissue components anterior to the retina, Raman spectroscopy holds potential as a non-invasive optical probe of the internal tissue components. It offers the possibility to identify molecular tissue constituents with high chemical specificity, to quantify their... 

Chaiken et al.24,37,38 proposed using Raman spectroscopy to measure glucose in vivo with a technique called tissue modulation, that is, continuously press/unpress the measurement site with a mechanical apparatus. The basic principle is that during the press phase, blood is expelled from the measuring site and thus the spectrum is considered as nearly devoid of blood. During the unpress phase, the spectrum is considered to be a sum of both blood and other tissue constituents. 

In the belief that the action of the enzyme might be modified by the presence of some of the more prevalent metals in trace amounts, the effects of cations on mammalian /3-glucuronidase were re-investigated186 195 of a large number studied, only Cu , Ag , and Hg were pronounced in their effects. (Inhibition was also seen with uranium acetate, ammonium chloroplatinate, osmium tetroxide, and sodium tungstate.83) Marked inhibition was seen with 2.5 X 10-6 M of Ag and 1.5 X 10 6 M of Hg00, and inhibition by these two ions was reversed by tissue constituents. 

Tissue blood PCs indicate the relative affinity of compounds for the various tissues of the body compared to blood. The values are determined by the relative lipophilic/hydrophilic nature of the compound and relative affinity for the macromolecules found in tissue and blood. Each individual tissue will make up a specific balance of water, neutral lipid, phospholipid, and protein. Partitioning therefore is determined by the relative affinity of the compound for the specific tissue constituents. 

Peckol, P, DeMeo-Anderson, B., Rivers, J., Valiela, I., Maldonado, M., and Yates, J. (1994). Growth, nutrient uptake capacities and tissue constituents of the macroalgae, Cladophora vagabunda and Gracilaria tikvahiae, related to site-specific nitrogen loading rates. Mar. Biol. 121, 175-185. 

In general, the proportions of the main tissue constituents, proteins, lipids, carbohydrates and nucleic acids (Table 4.2) show a somewhat different... 

The most common alteration that cells exhibit upon cultivation in culture is the loss of differentiated function. This is a consequence of the conflicting need to enhance cell proliferation to provide adequate experimental material. Differentiated function of a particular cell type is partly determined by interaction with other cell types and noncellular tissue constituents these are lost upon isolation and traditional cell monoculture. Also, undefined biological materials such as fetal calf serum, pituitary extract, and so on, are routinely added to cell culture because they have been shown empirically to have mitogenic effects, but they also have often unappreciated effects on other cellular functions. With regard to toxicokinetics, one of the most challenging problems is relating effective toxicant concentrations in cell culture to that in vivo (Section 8.7). 

The principle that tissue constituents are in a state of continuous synthesis and degradation is well established. The rate of turnover of the various constituents of connective tissues varies and, whereas the turnover of collagen is very slow, that of the ground substance is relatively rapid. Although the detailed mechanism of synthesis of the acid mucopolysaccharides is as yet unknown, in a number of instances the general pattern of synthesis has emerged. 

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