TIRF total internal reflection

TIRF Total internal reflection fluorescence immunoassay WWTPs Wastewater treatment plants... 

MP multi-photon TIRF total internal reflection fluorescence. 

FRET fluorescence resonance energy transfer FCS fluorescence correlation spectroscopy TIRF total internal reflection fiuorescence PCFI photon counting histogram ICCD intensified charge coupled device EMCCD eiectron muitipiying charge coupled device CMOS complimentary metal oxide semiconductor AFM atomic force microscope. 

Recently, a formalism has been developed to determine the second and the fourth order parameters of films using polarized total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) [71]. Similarly to IR-ATR spectroscopy (Section 4), the experiment makes use of p- and s-polarized excitation, but the fluorescence emission (analyzed either in p- or s-direction) is detected normal to the substrate. Two approaches are developed based on the measurements of two intensity ratios. In the first one, the S angle has to be known experimentally or theoretically, and the order parameters (P2) and (P4) can be determined. In the second one, the order parameter (R ) is obtained by another technique, for instance IR-ATR spectroscopy, which allows deducing the order parameter (P4) and (cos2<5). 

Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy, fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH), fluorescence recovery after photobleaching (FRAP), fluorescence lifetime imaging microscopy (FLIM). 

S. A. Rockhold, R. D. Quinn, R. A. VanWegenen, J. D. Andrade, and M. Reichert, Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) as a quantitative probe of protein adsorption,... 

W. M. Reichert and G. A. Truskey, Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) microscopy. I. Modeling cell contact region fluorescence, J. Cell Sci. 96, 219-230 (1990). 

Techniques which allow one to monitor the boundary layer as a function of time, such as total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) spectroscopy 4 43), permit a quantitative evaluation of interfacial mass transport processes using, for example, fluorescently-tagged macromolecules which do not adsorb, such as fluorescein-labeled dextran 40 ... 

The tendency for an adsorbed protein to undergo conformational change is protein-and interface-specific, as well as time-dependent. Total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) studies on IgG adsorption and desorption on hydrophobic and hydrophilic surfaces as a function of residence time show clearly both the time-dependence, as well as the surface-dependence, of desorption 92 ... 

Apart from optical microscopy, there are some other optical techniques which are truly surface sensitive and have found widespread use. Examples are ellipsometry (see Section 9.4.1), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) [316], and surface plasmon resonance techniques [348],... 

Nucleic acid biosensors based on optical modes of detection represent another common approach for generating analytical signals based on nucleic acid hybridization. The methods discussed herein are based on methods that are suitable for the study of materials on surfaces. There are a number of different optical methods that have been described, with the most common being attenuated total reflectance (ATR), total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and surface plasmon resonance (SPR) [15]. All of these methods work... 

FIGURE 2.17 Results of total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) measurements in which the discrete and processive stepping action of myosin can be seen clearly. SOURCE Reprinted with permission from Yildiz, A., J.N. Forkey, S.A. McKinney, T. Ha, Y.E. Goldman, and P.R. Selvin..2003. Myosin V walks hand-over-hand Single fluorophore imaging with 1.5-nm localization. Science 300 2061-2065. Copyright 2003 AAAS. 

Tschmelak, J., M. Kumpf, N. Kappel, et al. 2006. Total internal reflectance fluorescence (TIRF) biosensor for environmental monitoring of testosterone with commercially available immunochemistry Antibody characterization, assay development and real sample measurements. Talanta 69 343-350. 

The use of evanescent waves is very valuable to the study of interfacial properties. Techniques such as total internal reflection fluorescence (TIRF) and attenuated transmitted reflectance (ATR) use the energy of evanescent waves to probe thin regions in the vicinity of an interface to determine surface concentrations of interfacial species. 

TIRF. See Total internal reflection fluorescence TNF-a, role, 184-185. See also Central nervous system (CNS)... 

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