Tire cords fibers used

You can use analogies to put adipic acid in its right place. Acetic acid is the most important aliphatic monocarboxylic acid adipic is the most important aliphatic dicarboxylic acid. (You remember, of course, that carboxylic is the contraction for carbonyl and hydroxyl, -C-O and -OH, or together, -COOH. Right ) Also, adipic acid is to Nylon 66 what cumene is to phenol. About 95% of the adipic acid ends up as Nylon 66, which is used for tire cord, fibers, and engineering plastics. 

Polyamides. In 1988, 77% of U.S. demand for adipic acid was for nylon-6,6 fiber, while 11% was used in nyon-6,6 resins (195). In Western Europe only about 66% was for polyamide, because of the stronger competition from nylon-6. The fiber appHcations include carpets (67%), apparel (13%), tire cord (7%), and miscellaneous (13%). Nylon-6,6 resins were distributed between injection mol ding (85%) for such appHcations as automotive and electrical parts and for extmsion resins (15%) for strapping, film, and wire and cable. 

Nylon, an aUphatic polyamide, was introduced as a commercial tire cord in 1947 and grew in usage to - 5.4 billion kg/yr (- 2 billion Ib/yr) in the 1990s (10,11). Nylon-reinforced tires use nylon-6 poljmier (polycaprolactam) fibers as well as nylon-6,6 (poly(hexamethylenediainine adipamide)) fibers. Nylon tire cords are characterized by extremely good fatigue resistance in compression and good adhesion to most mbber compounds with simple RFL adhesives. 

Standard Test Methods for Tire Yarns, Cords, and Woven Fabrics. ASTM standard D885M-94 includes test methods for characterizing tire cord twist, break strength, elongation at break, modulus, tenacity, work-to-break, toughness, stiffness, growth, and dip pickup for industrial filament yams made from organic base fibers, cords twisted from such yams, and fabrics woven from these cords that are produced specifically for use in the manufacture of pneumatic tires. These test methods apply to nylon, polyester, rayon, and aramid yams, tire cords, and woven fabrics. 

The engineering applications of PET resins include blow-molded botties, films, mol ding, and extmsion. Resins made for the latter two uses and related purposes are called mol ding resins in this article. The huge volumes of PET resin used for textile filaments and industrial fibers, eg, tire cord, are not included here. The PBT resins are mainly used for mol ding and related appHcations. 

Polyester fibers can be blended with natural fibers such as cotton and wool. The products have better qualities and are used for men s and women s wear, pillow cases, and bedspreads. Fiberfill, made from polyesters, is used in mattresses, pillows, and sleeping bags. High-tenacity polymers for tire cord reinforcement are equivalent in strength to nylon tire cords and are superior because they do not flat spot. V-belts and fire hoses made from industrial filaments are another market for polyesters. 

Nylons have a variety of uses ranging from tire cord to carpet to hosiery. The most important application is cord followed by apparel. Nylon staple and filaments are extensively used in the carpet industry. Nylon fiber is also used for a variety of other articles such as seat belts, monofilament finishes, and knitwear. Because of its high tenacity and elasticity, it is a valuable fiber for ropes, parachutes, and underwear. 

Nylons are used both in engineering applications and in making fibers. A combination of high impact strength and abrasion resistance makes nylon an excellent metal substitute for bearings and gears. As fiber, nylon is used in a variety of applications, from clothing to tire cord to ropes. 

The most generally useful polyester is that made by reaction between dimethyl terephthalate (dimethyl 1,4-benzenedicarboxylate) and ethylene glycol (1,2-ethanediol). The product is used under the trade name Dacron to make clothing fiber and tire cord and under the name Mylar to make recording tape. The tensile strength of polyethylene terephthalate) film is nearly equal to that of steel. 

Nearly all cyclohexane is used to make three intermediate chemicals. About 85% goes for caprolactam, and adipic acid. Another 10% goes for hexamethylene diamine (HMD). All three are the starting materials for Nylon 6 or Nylon 66 synthetic fibers and resins. Nylon fiber markets include the familiar applications hosiery, upholstery, carpet, and tire cord. Nylon resins are engineering plastics and are largely used to manufacture gears, washers, and similar applications where economy, strength, and a surface with minimum friction are important. 

One of the larger uses of nylon fibers is tire cord. In apparel applications, which are another major area, permanent press can be achieved by heat treatment. This crease resistance lasts until abrasion, hear, or pressure wears down the molecule orientation. Since it is strong and lightweight, nylon also is used for rope, parachutes, and some undergarments. 

Fibers—about half of all nylon fiber goes into tire, cord, rope, belting, fiber cloth, thread, hose, undergarments, dresses plastics—use as an engineering material, substitute for metal bearings, bearings, cams, gears, rollers, jackets on electrical wire... 

Wallace Carothers and coworkers at DuPont synthesized aliphatic polyesters in the 1930s [Furukawa, 1998 Hounshell and Smith, 1988]. These had melting points below 100°C, which made them unsuitable for firber use. Carothers then turned successfully to polyamides, based on the theoretical consideration that amides melt higher than esters. Polyamides were the first synthetic fibers to be produced commercially. The polyester and polyamide research at DuPont had a major impact on all of polymer science. Carothers laid the foundation for much of our understanding of how to synthesize polymeric materials. Out of that work came other discoveries in the late 1930s, including neoprene, an elastomer produced from chloro-prene, and Teflon, produced from tetrafluoroethylene. The initial commercial application for nylon 6/6 was women s hosiery, but this was short-lived with the intrusion of World War II. The entire nylon 6/6 production was allocated to the war effort in applications for parachutes, tire cord, sewing thread, and rope. The civilian applications for nylon products burst forth and expanded rapidly after the war. 

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