Tin doping

The first reports on direct electrochemistry of a redox active protein were published in 1977 by Hill [49] and Kuwana [50], They independently reported that cytochrome c (cyt c) exhibited virtually reversible electrochemistry on gold and tin doped indium oxide (ITO) electrodes as revealed by cyclic voltammetry, respectively. Unlike using specific promoters to realize direct electrochemistry of protein in the earlier studies, recently a novel approach that only employed specific modifications of the electrode surface without promoters was developed. From then on, achieving reversible, direct electron transfer between redox proteins and electrodes without using any mediators and promoters had made great accomplishments. 

M. Buchanan, J.B. Webb, and D.F. Williams, Preparation of conducting and transparent thin films of tin-doped indium oxide by magnetron sputtering, Appl. Phys. Lett., 37 213-215, 1980. 

S. Ray, R. Banerjee, N. Basu, A.K. Batabyal, and A.K. Barua, Properties of tin doped indium tin oxide thin films prepared by magnetron sputtering, J. Appl. Phys., 54 3497-3501, 1983. 

Y. Ohhata, F. Shinoki, and S. Yoshida, Optical properties of r.f. reactive sputtered tin-doped ln203 films, Thin Solid Films, 59 255-261, 1979. 

R.B.H. Tahar, T. Ban, Y. Ohya, and Y. Takahashi, Tin doped indium oxide thin films electrical properties, J. Appl. Phys., 83 2631-2645, 1998. 

Nanoparticles of Ti02 are deposited on to a glass support covered with a transparent conducting layer of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO). Each nanoparticle is coated with a monolayer of sensitising dye based on Ru(II). Photoexcitation of the dye results in the injection of an electron into the CB of the semiconductor. 

Indium-tin oxide (ITO) Tin-doped indium oxide, used as a thin solid film on glass when constructing optically transparent electrodes. 

Kumar A, Zhou C (2010) The race to replace tin-doped indium oxide which material will win ACS Nano 4 11-14... 

Reactive Sputtering. Reactive sputtering is similar to reactive evaporation and reactive-ion plating in that at least one coating species enters the system in the gas phase. Examples include sputtering Al in 02 to form A O Ti in 02 to form Ti02, In—Sn in 02 to form tin-doped ln203, Nb in N2 to form NbN, Cd in H2S to form CdS, In in PH3 to form InP, and Pb—Nb—Zr—Fe—Bi—La in 02 to form a ferroelectric oxide. 

Fig. 1.20. Schematic energy band diagram of a two-layer organic light emitting diode (OLED), in which tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) is used to inject holes into the highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) and a low work function metal to inject electrons into the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO)...

Fig. 2.19. (a) Scheme of a transparent field effect transistor based on ZnO [191]. The gate electrode consists of tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) and the gate dielectric is a multilayer of AECE/TiCE (ATO). (b) Output characteristics (drain-source current as a function of the drain-source voltage) for different gate voltages. The saturation current is about 530 rA at a gate bias of 40 V. From this output characteristics a threshold voltage of 19 V and a field-effect mobility of 27 cm2 V-1 s-1 were calculated [192]... 

Bougrine, A., El Hichou, A., Addou, M., Ebothe, J., Kachouane, A. and Troyon, M. (2003). Structural, optical and cathodoluminescence characteristics of undoped and tin-doped ZnO thin films prepared by spray pyrolysis. Mater. Chem. Phys. 80(2), 438 445. 

Tin doped ln203 (ITO) films, widely used in photonic devices, are prepared by sputtering [122-127], The sputtering technique requires sufficiently dense targets without any additives for highly conductive films [128-130], Due to low sinterabiliry of ITO [131,132], however, a costly hot-pressing procedure is often necessary. Another application of soft mechanochemistry where dissolution reprecipitation is involved was proposed [133],... 

Shigesato Y., Takaki S. and Haranoh T., Electrical and structural properties of low resistivity tin-doped indium oxide films, J. Appl. Phys. 71 (1992) pp. 3356-3364. 

In contrast, the anode is usually tin-doped In203 (ITO, typically 1 9 Sn In), since this material is transparent and highly conductive ca. 1 x 10 cm ). The sub-... 

The first reports on a reversible DET between redox proteins and electrodes were published in 1977 showing that cytochrome c is reversibly oxidized and reduced at tin-doped indium oxide [30] and gold in the presence of 4,4 -bipyridyl [31]. Only shortly after these publications appeared, papers were published describing the DET between electrode and enzyme for laccase and peroxidase [32,33]. It was observed that the overpotential for oxygen reduction at a carbon electrode was reduced by several hundred millivolts compared to the uncatalyzed reduction when laccase was adsorbed. This reaction could be inhibited by azide. The term bioelectrocatalysis was introduced for such an acceleration of the electrode process by... 

Use of modified gold electrodes is not the only approach to achieve cytochrome c electrochemistry. Indeed, a number of studies have been reported on a variety of electrode surfaces. In 1977, Yeh and Kuwana illustrated (23) well-behaved voltammetric response of cytochrome c at a tin-doped indium oxide electrode the electrode reaction was found to be diffusion-controlled up to a scan rate of 500 mV sec Metal oxide electrodes were further studied (24, 25) independently in Hawkridge and Hill s groups. The electrochemical response of cytochrome c at tin-doped indium oxide and fluoride-doped tin oxide was very sensitive to the pretreatment procedures of the electrode surface. At thin-film ruthenium dioxide electrodes, variation of the faradaic current with pH correlating with the acid-base protonation of the electrode surface was observed. 

Cadmium stannate, used as electrodes in photogalvanic cells, is another example of a transparent conductor oxide (TCO) having desirable properties, such as good durability and chemical resistance. It can be produced by the spray pyrolysis CVD method with organic solutions of CdCH and SnCH or [Cd(hfa)2 (TMEDA)] and [Sn(acac)2]. ° It also shows the unexpected effect of improving transparency with increasing Him conductivity higher than tin-doped indium oxide. 

First realization of reversible ET of cytochrome c employing tin-doped indium oxide electrodes... 

Specific hydrogenation features of ruthenium are widely exploited [3,4]. Good intrinsic selectivity for unsaturated alcohols makes ruthenium very attractive for the above-mentioned task. Modification of conventional ruthenium catalysts can increase selectivity to the desired alcohols. In the series of reactions, the best result in the formation of unsaturated alcohols was proved over tin doped ruthenium catalysts [5,6]. 

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