Indium-doped tin oxide, ITO

A typical multilayer thin film OLED is made up of several active layers sandwiched between a cathode (often Mg/Ag) and an indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) glass anode. The cathode is covered by the electron transport layer which may be A1Q3. An emitting layer, doped with a fluorescent dye (which can be A1Q3 itself or some other coordination compound), is added, followed by the hole transport layer which is typically a-napthylphenylbiphenyl amine. An additional layer, copper phthalocyanine is often inserted between the hole transport layer and the ITO electrode to facilitate hole injection. 

The combination of low optical absorbance and high electrical conductivity has attracted a lot of interest for transparent conductor applications. When coupled with its flexibility, it is widely seen as a possible replacement for indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), which has a sheet resistance of 100 Q/cm at 90 % transparency. By growing graphene on copper foils, sheet resistances of 125 Q/cm at 97.4% transparency have been achieved [19]. This has been improved by combining four layers with doping of the graphene, giving resistance of 30 Q/cm at 90% transparency, all done on 30-inch roll-to-roll production scale. 

Electrostatic hybridization can also be achieved through electrophoretic deposition (Fig. 5.7(a)). Niu et al. electrophoretically coated an indium doped tin oxide (ITO) electrode with GO in dimthethyl formamide (DMF) [92]. The GO coated ITO was then submerged in a solution of Au NPs, a bias was applied and the negatively charged NPs coated the GO/ITO electrode. The process could be repeated a number... 

Indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) glasses are commonly used as semitransparent substrates with a transmission of around 90% in the visible range and a conductivity of around 20 ohm/square. The glass substrates... 

PET is the key feature of many other photo-oxidations involving aromatic substrates. It has been shown, for example, that pyrene and anthracene which are covalently attached to silica, gold or indium-doped tin oxide (ITO), undergo a photo-oxidation forming dihydroxy/dione derivatives. The reaction involves 02, formed by ET between excited pyrene, or anthracene, and O2, and it is suggested that the implications of such a photodegradation need to be considered when polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) are used as spectroscopic probes in surface adlayers. The redox photosensitized amination of 1,2-benzo-1,3-cycloalkadienes, arylcyclopropanes, and quadricyclane with ammonia and primary amines, using 1,2,4-triphenylbenzene (1,2,4-TPB) or 2,2 -methylenedioxy-1,1 -binaphthalene in the presence of m- or p-dicyano-benzene (DCB), has been described (Scheme 51). The process involves the formation of the radical cation of 1,2,4-TPB, for example, by PET to the DCB, followed by hole transfer from the radical cation to the substrate, the latter... 

To reduce the cost of TCO glass, recently, Lee et al. report a multifunctional platinum nanofiber (PtNF) web produced by electrospinning that can act as a catalyst layer in DSSCs to simultaneously function as a transparent counter electrode, that is, without the presence of an indium-doped tin oxide (ITO) or... 

While the development of PEDOT-based antistatic layers started in the early 1990s, a few years later PEDOT PSS hard coatings were developed for cathode ray tubes (CRT). The outer surface antistatic layer was used to avoid electrostatic shocks and dust contamination during manufacture and use (Figure 10.28). Such antistatic layers were previously made by sputtering a thin layer of indium-doped tin oxide (ITO). It therefore appeared to be highly... 

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