Timeframe

These timeframes are guesstimates at this point, and are subject to change. Similarly, at each stage of the process there will be a number of activities that may affect overall scheduling. On completion of this process, we are confident that Company X will be well on its way toward achieving its goal of industry leadership in process safety management. 

This sample is designed to summarize the key steps in the process a centralized company or division plans to follow in developing PSM. Note that the primary difterences indicated relate to reporting requirements and timeframe the process components remain the same regardless of organizational structure or management style. 

What is the timeframe for designing and implementing the mentoring program ... 

Consider the energy interactions which occur when a photon strikes a solid. The timeframe of interaction is about 10 seconds ... 

The number of study sites to be used for a clinical trial depends on the characteristics and number of subjects that need to be recruited. Often, a sufficient number of participants cannot be enrolled from a single site, especially if the study inclusion criteria are restrictive and the timeframe for recruitment is limited. In order to complete the study within a reasonable period of time, an inclusion of multiple research centers is often necessary (Chow and Liu, 1998). The selection of study sites depends on several factors including ... 

How long should monitoring programs continue For the purposes of specifically answering the question What is the ecosystem response to changes in atmospheric loadings of mercuiy , some specific timeframes should be considered. 

One eritical factor that has been neglected in considering mechanisms of cardiac fatalities is the timeframe for various types of toxicities. For example, a majority of cocaine-related fatalities and near fatalities reported from emergency rooms are attributed to one or more types of cardiac ischemic or hypertensive episodes (Isner et al. 1986). Thus, these studies may discount the cocaine-induced arrhythmias and conduction defects as important direct causes of fatalities. Yet, if coroner reports are used as data sources (Virmani et al. 1988 Wetli and Wright 1979 Mittleman and Wetli 1984), there are great numbers of deaths in which pulmonary effusion and lack of evidence for coronary occlusion, acute myocardial infarction, or... 

Allhough only a few samples may be token on a daily or weekly basis from each sampling site, the total number of samples may be substantial since experimental timeframes may extend over many months. For example, in the comprehensive 2-year national pesticide monitoring program stody by Kutz et al., nearly 2500 samples were collected which individually assessed over 40 individual pesticides and reaction by-products per sample. 

Decay of the nuclide itself. The conceptually simplest approach is to take a known quantity of the nuclide of interest, P, and repeatedly measure it over a sufficiently long period. The observed decrease in activity with time provides the half-life to an acceptable precision and it was this technique that was originally used to establish the concept of half-lives (Rutherford 1900). Most early attempts to assess half lives, such as that for " Th depicted on the front cover of this volume, followed this method (Rutherford and Soddy 1903). This approach may use measurement of either the activity of P, or the number of atoms of P, although the former is more commonly used. Care must be taken that the nuclide is sufficiently pure so that, for instance, no parent of P is admixed allowing continued production of P during the experiment. The technique is obviously limited to those nuclides with sufficiently short half-lives that decay can readily be measured in a realistic timeframe. In practice, the longest-lived isotopes which can be assessed in this way have half-lives of a few decades (e.g., °Pb Merritt et al. 1957). 

A relative term, applied to the generation of a large number of results (e.g., 100,000) in a short timeframe (week or month). Usually achieved by employing a substantial degree of automation. 

The fact is that, without nuclear energy, any hope of achieving the carbon dioxide levels envisioned by the Kyoto Protocol-or significantly improving the air quality in the U S. or Europe—are severely diminished. In the United States, we would have to double the reductions of carbon without nuclear power to meet the Kyoto goals by the 2007-2012 timeframe. 

Studies that have focused on neuritic response to the NP rather than to presence of the plaque core itself have been more successful in finding a relationship between plaque-associated dystrophic neurites and dementia [30]. These studies suggest that plaque cores per se may only be an initiating event and that the gradual effects of the plaque core on adjacent neuronal pathway architecture may actuate the ultimate disruption of function. The timeframe over which the latter occurs, and the nature of how plaque-induced changes in synaptic connectivity ultimately affect cognition, is not known. 

The issue of parallel versus sequential synthesis using multimode or monomode cavities, respectively, deserves special comment. While the parallel set-up allows for a considerably higher throughput achievable in the relatively short timeframe of a microwave-enhanced chemical reaction, the individual control over each reaction vessel in terms of reaction temperature/pressure is limited. In the parallel mode, all reaction vessels are exposed to the same irradiation conditions. In order to ensure similar temperatures in each vessel, the same volume of the identical solvent should be used in each reaction vessel because of the dielectric properties involved [86]. As an alternative to parallel processing, the automated sequential synthesis of libraries can be a viable strategy if small focused libraries (20-200 compounds) need to be prepared. Irradiating each individual reaction vessel separately gives better control over the reaction parameters and allows for the rapid optimization of reaction conditions. For the preparation of relatively small libraries, where delicate chemistries are to be performed, the sequential format may be preferable. This is discussed in more detail in Chapter 5. 

The issue of parallel versus sequential synthesis using multimode or monomode cavities, respectively deserves special comment. While the parallel setup allows for considerable throughput that can be achieved in the relatively short timeframe of a microwave-enhanced chemical reaction, the individual control over each reaction vessel in terms of reaction temperature and/or pressure is limited. In the parallel... 

Synthesis of compounds on a scale greater than 100 g in a reasonable timeframe use of microwave technology should result in time saving compared to conventional heating. 

Timeframe >15years 10-15years 5-10years 5-7years 5-7years 3-5years... 

In addition, there will be a transition to a hydrogen-based economy. This market timeframe is most likely to see central and distributed generation integrated with fuel cell technologies. 

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