Design Through Understanding

The audience is expected to be process safety professionals, engineers, chemists, and other technical personnel who generate data and design processes that involve reactive chemicals. Manufacturing personnel who operate such facilities are also expected to benefit through improved understanding of risks. 

The materials of greatest interest in view of fundamental understanding and design are the polymer electrolyte membrane and the catalyst layers. They fulfill key functions in the cell and at the same time offer the most compelling opportunities for innovation through design and integration of advanced materials. 

The first 26 chapters represent a cross-section of the numerous processes available for the polymerization of common monomers. Through the understanding of process kinetics and through novel technology, we are able to build better polymers from these monomers. The remaining 22 chapters should leave the reader with the impression that we can build new or modified polymers at will and design them for specific... 

The main business of most chemical companies is to manufacture products through the control of reactive chemicals. The reactivity that makes chemicals useful can also make them hazardous. Therefore, it is essential that a process designer understand the nature of the reactive chemicals involved in his or her process. 

The design of the Laboratory is based on the principles of containment and the effective use of engineering controls rather than reliance on personnel protection (34,35). Overreliance on personnel protection can lead to a false sense of security resulting in an overt exposure to hazardous chemicals. Only through an understanding of the substances chemical, physical and toxicological properties can adequate facilities be designed and monitored for the safe use of these chemicals. 

Since the successful use of biomedical products and systems is often critical, it is imperative that designers understand and accommodate the cognitive demands on and abilities of users not only with regard to use of specific tools but the broader activity and work context in which complex human-machine systems operate. This understanding and accommodation is achieved, in part, through the methods described below. 

It is essential to understand the relationship between the fibres and the matrix composing a lamina or a ply and also the factors affecting mechanical behaviour and elastic properties. It is through the understanding of these factors that the engineer is able to specify appropriate types of resin and reinforcement for the design of a polymer composite structure. 

There are many ways to remove or reduce hazards through design. Sometimes engineers forget to consider user capabilities and limitations, user behavior and the use environment (Chapter 7). Understanding people and their behavior is an important consideration in design. 

To develop an understanding of the depth of what is to be undertaken, the chapter Achieving the Necessary Culture Change in Safety Through Design wih help. 

Experience has shown that our best efforts to predict potential problem areas frequently miss the fatal flaws. For this reason it is advisable to perform at least one broad, severe corrosive gas test and one similarly harsh particle test, even if no obvious failure scenario can be envisioned that would be expected to be manifested through these tests. It is also helpful to stress the material or product sufficiently to produce significant corrosion or malfunction, even if this requires unrealistically harsh conditions. Such a test helps ensure that the designer understands the materials limitations and may indicate that the product is over-designed. Less resistant, less expensive materials may be sufficient for the intended use. 

One of the major reasons for the need to develop standards lEC 61508/IEC 61511 (ANSI/ISA 84.00.01-2004) was to devise some means to minimize the propagation of device failure through design, operating, inspection, and maintenance practices Into system. Naturally this calls for reader to understand various types of failures systems normally need to face with special reference to E/E/PEs. 

Through the understanding of the electrochemical processes and how they can act to cause the various forms of corrosion, the natural tendency of metals to suffer corrosion can be overcome and equipment that is resistant to failure by corrosion can be designed. In this study we have shown that the measuring methods based on the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy are able to detect the potential corrosion spots in very early stages. 

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