Three factors

In a later paper Knowles and Norman compared more fully nitrations of benzylic compounds in acetyl nitrate and in mixed acid (table 5.9), and interpreted the results in terms of three factors nitronium ion nitration in both media some degree of protonation of the oxygen... 

The result of an analysis is influenced by three factors the method, the sample, and the analyst. The influence of these factors can be studied by conducting a pair of experiments in which only one factor is changed. For example, two methods can be compared by having the same analyst apply both methods to the same sample and examining the resulting means. In a similar fashion, it is possible to compare two analysts or two samples. 

The computation just outlined is easily extended to any number of factors. For a system with three factors, for example, a 2 factorial design can be used to determine the parameters for the empirical model described by the following equation... 

Duarte and colleagues used a factorial design to optimize a flow injection analysis method for determining penicillin potentiometricallyd Three factors were studied—reactor length, carrier flow rate, and sample volume, with the high and low values summarized in the following table. 

These three factors are discussed briefly here and apply to helium as background gas and ions of relatively small mass. For other background gases and ions of greater mass, the effects are qualitatively similar but differ in scale. 

Defects (total) include damaged kernels (total), foreign material, and shmnken and broken kernels. The sum of these three factors may not exceed the limit for defects. 

If the gas has the correct composition, the carbon content at the surface increases to the saturation value, ie, the solubiUty limit of carbon in austenite (Fig. 2), which is a function of temperature. Continued addition of carbon to the surface increases the carbon content curve. The surface content is maintained at this saturation value (9) (Fig. 5). The gas carburizing process is controlled by three factors (/) the thermodynamics of the gas reactions which determine the equiUbrium carbon content at the surface (2) the kinetics of the chemical reactions which deposit the carbon and (J) the diffusion of carbon into the austenite. 

Electrodes. At least three factors need to be considered ia electrode selection as the technical development of an electroorganic reaction moves from the laboratory cell to the commercial system. First is the selection of the lowest cost form of the conductive material that both produces the desired electrode reactions and possesses stmctural iategrity. Second is the preservation of the active life of the electrodes. The final factor is the conductivity of the electrode material within the context of cell design. An ia-depth discussion of electrode materials for electroorganic synthesis as well as a detailed discussion of the influence of electrode materials on reaction path (electrocatalysis) are available (25,26). A general account of electrodes for iadustrial processes is also available (27). 

The magnitude of the constant rate depends upon three factors ... 

The result of taking into account the three factors mentioned - dose - degree of comminution - method of extraction - should be a tea that has an optimal amount of active constituents. But, at present ihere are very few studies which answer the often posed question What proportion of the active principles in the drug pass over into the tea With a hot-watcr infusion of chopped senna... 

Three factors influence the rate of corrosion of metals—moisture, type of pollutant, and temperature. A study by Hudson (1) confirms these three factors. Steel samples were exposed for 1 year at 20 locations throughout the world. Samples at dry or cold locations had the lowest rate of corrosion, samples in the tropics and marine environments were intermediate, and samples in polluted industrial locations had the highest rate of corrosion. Corrosion values at an industrial site in England were 100 times higher than those found in an arid African location. 

For any cyclone, regardless of type, the radius of motion (curvature), the particle mass, and the particle velocity are the three factors which determine the centrifugal force exerted on the particle. This centrifugal force may be expressed as... 

The calculation of the cylinder displacement is a straightforward geometric procedure. It is the product of three factors, namely, the piston area minus rod area (when appropriate), the stroke, and the number of strokes in a given time. There are four options, which can be covered b three equations. 

In many respects it is not a particularly good rubber, but it has achieved a high market penetration on account of three factors ... 

A systematic effort to correlate ease of ring closure with the stereoelectronic requirements of the transition state has been developed by Baldwin and co-workers. They classify ring closures with respect to three factors (a) ring size, (b) the hybridization of the carbon at the reaction site, and (c) the relationship (endocyclic or exocyclic) of the reacting bond to the forming ring. Certain types of ring closures are found to be favorable whereas others are unfavorable for stereoelectronic reasons. The relationships are summarized in Table 3.12. 

Edema Edema is an abnormal accumulation of body fluid in tissues. An edema can be as trivial as a blister on your thumb, as life-threatening as a constriction of your airway. As in real estate, the three factors that determine the dangers associated with an edema are location, location, location. Exposure to toxic chemicals can cause a variety of edemas. Pulmonary edema (fluid in the lungs) is particularly dangerous, if not treated. Be sure to avoid inhalation of chemicals whenever possible and to use proper protective measures, as suggested on the MSDS (fume hoods, respirators, etc.). 

In many practical situations involving the flow of polymer melts through dies and along channels, the cross-sections are tapered. In these circumstances, tensile stresses will be set up in the fluid and their effects superimposed on the effects due to shear stresses as analysed above. Cogswell has analysed this problem for the flow of a power law fluid along coni-cylindrical and wedge channels. The flow in these sections is influenced by three factors ... 

If we look at a measured heat demand (Fig, 8.50) for an industrial budding, we sec that this is essentially the case. Deviations from the straight line are due to the following three factors ... 

At least three factors must be considered when using Eq. (10.132). The first is that the room air is seldom well mixed the second is that the emission rate is usually unknown and the third is that measurement of is often very difficult, especially in spaces where a mixture of mechanical and natural ventilation is used. If the room air is poorly mixed, a sampling strategy is needed in order to determine the room air concentration (C,). There exist different strategies for this, and two are as follows ... 

A company s culture can make or break even a well-designed data collection system. Essential requirements are minimal use of blame, freedom from fear of reprisals, and feedback which indicates that the information being generated is being used to make changes that will be beneficial to everybody. All three factors are vital for the success of a data collection system and are all, to a certain extent, under the control of management. To illustrate the effect of the absence of such factors, here is an extract from the report into the Challenger space shuttle disaster ... 

For catastrophic demand-related pump failures, the variability is explained by the following factors listed in their order of importance system application, pump driver, operating mode, reactor type, pump type, and unidentified plant-specific influences. Quantitative failure rate adjustments are provided for the effects of these factors. In the case of catastrophic time-dependent pump failures, the failure rate variability is explained by three factors reactor type, pump driver, and unidentified plant-specific Influences. Point and confidence interval failure rate estimates are provided for each selected pump by considering the influential factors. Both types of estimates represent an improvement over the estimates computed exclusively from the data on each pump. The coded IPRDS data used in the analysis is provided in an appendix. A similar treatment applies to the valve data. 

The reaction constant p is a quantitative measure of the sensitivity of the reaction to the influence of substituents. Three factors combine to determine the value of p ... 

For the PPM, corresponding to the free energy of the CVM is the Path Probability Function (hereafter PPF), P t t -t- At), which is an explicit function of time and is defined as the product of three factors Pj, P2 and P3. Each factor is provided in the following in the logarithmic expression. 

A new or calculated point of performance is not defined until all three factors have been determined. It is not sufficient to determine one point and draw conclusions, but rather the total effect of the change must be considered. 

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