Third accountable

Watt, like Black, was committed to one of three major views of heat extant at the time. The first of the three views was that heat was motion, or the vibration of the parts of ordinary material bodies. This mechanical theory of heat had been favoured by Boyle and had been endorsed by Newton. But the mechanical theory was not fashionable in the mid- to late eighteenth century. We know that a mathematical theory of heat as motion was developed by Henry Cavendish in the 1780s but, typically, not published.42 This type of theory was, of course, to become the correct view of heat by the mid-nineteenth century. The second and third accounts of heat are often collapsed together as material theories since in both heat was a special substance rather than the motion of ordinary matter. The distinction between these two material theories is clearly described by McCormmach ... 

The combustion of coal to produce electricity is the greatest contributor to greenhouse gases and the manufacture of cement is third accounting for as much as 5% of the global CO2. Concrete and asphalt are the two largest manufactured products and both are aggregates of particles. Annual production of concrete is approximately 2 x 10 kt yr while the production of cement is on the order of 2 X 10 kt yr (van Oss, 2011). 

By 1960, Dow, Monsanto, and Union Carbide had also joined the billion dollar club , and chemical companies among the top 100 in that year included W. R. Grace and Co. and National Distillers Chemical Corporation, two conglomerates which had only recently entered the chemical industry. In 1975, the chemical industry ranked third, accounting for 9.3% (40.8 billion dollars) of the assets of the top 100. Du Pont, Dow, and Union Carbide were the largest corporations in the chemical industry, and all placed within the top 20 industrials. But even with more than five billion dollars in assets each, they were still a fraction of the size of Exxon, General Motors, Texaco, IBM, or Mobil - the top five corporations in 1975. The petroleum industry was still the front-runner in that year, with 35.5% (more than 156 billion dollars) of the assets of the top 100. 

A good account of the historicai deveiopment of quantum mechanics. Whiie much of the book deais with quantum fieid theory and particie physics, the first third of the book focuses on the period 1850-1930 and the origins of quantum theory. An admirabie job is done in piacing events in a proper historicai context. 

All nonlinear (electric field) spectroscopies are to be found in all temis of equation (B 1.3.1) except for the first. The latter exclusively accounts for the standard linear spectroscopies—one-photon absorption and emission (Class I) and linear dispersion (Class II). For example, the temi at third order contains by far the majority of the modem Raman spectroscopies (table B 1.3.1 and tableBl.3.2). 

Gobalt is a brittle, hard metal, resembling iron and nickel in appearance. It has a metallic permeability of about two thirds that of iron. Gobalt tends to exist as a mixture of two allotropes over a wide temperature range. The transformation is sluggish and accounts in part for the wide variation in reported data on physical properties of cobalt. 

Equations 12.21 and 12.22 contain terms corresponding to column efficiency, column selectivity, and capacity factor. These terms can be varied, more or less independently, to obtain the desired resolution and analysis time for a pair of solutes. The first term, which is a function of the number of theoretical plates or the height of a theoretical plate, accounts for the effect of column efficiency. The second term is a function of a and accounts for the influence of column selectivity. Finally, the third term in both equations is a function of b, and accounts for the effect of solute B s capacity factor. Manipulating these parameters to improve resolution is the subject of the remainder of this section. 

Rice is grown in more than 100 countries and on every continent except Antarctica. In the world economy rice is an extremely important food, second only to wheat in total world production, and its yield per hectare exceeds that of wheat (57). Rice is the main staple food for more than half of the world s population and it accounts for one-third to one-half of the daily caloric intake in many Asian countries. It is also the major source of protein for the masses of Asian people. In many African and South American countries rice is rapidly becoming the staple food for much of the population. 

The three principal domestic uses for rice in 1988 were direct food (61%), processed food (18%), and beer (20%). The direct food use figure includes the conventional white milled rice plus specialty rice products (parboiled, precooked, aromatic, brown, and prepackaged mixes) shipped directly from the rice mills. The specialty products account for approximately one-fifth of the direct food use. Approximately two-thirds of the direct food use rice is ultimately distributed to consumers through retail outlets and one-third through food service outlets. 

The United States accounts for about a third of the world s consumption of cyclohexane, or 3.785 x 10 m /yr (about 1 biUion gallons per year). U.S. producers and their 1990 capacities are Hsted in Table 13. Texaco has aimounced that it is leaving the cyclohexane business, but the timing is not yet certain. Over 90% of all cyclohexane goes to the production of nylon through either adipic acid (qv) or caprolactam (qv). The balance is used to produce 1,6-hexamethylenediamine [124-09-4] (HMD A) and for various solvent uses (see Diamines and higher amines, aliphatic Polyamides). 

Other Markets. The use of methanol in the production of formaldehyde, MTBE, and acetic acid [64-19-7] accounts for approximately two-thirds of the worldwide demand for methanol. Methanol is used as feedstock for various other chemicals, such as dimethyl terephthalate (DMT)... 

More than two-thirds of the naphthenic acid produced is used to make metal salts, with the largest volume being used for copper naphthenate, consumed in the wood preservative industry (see Wood). Metal salts used as paint driers accounted for only 16% of the naphthenic acid market in 1993 (see Paint). This is a dramatic contrast with 1977 usage, when 75% of the naphthenates went into the paint drier market. An overall view of the 1993 naphthenic acid market in North America shows the following uses ... 

Halogen radicals account for about one-third of photochemical ozone loss observed in the spring in the lower stratosphere (below 21 km) at 15—60°N latitude (76). The following three cycles (4—6) are the most important. Rate constant data are given in Reference 11. 

The cycle accounts for 20—25% of the halogen-controUed loss (M is a third body molecule). The possible contribution of naturaUy occurring iodine compounds to ozone destmction (via I and lO radicals) is being investigated (79). 

Although only ppm levels of nitrogen are found in the mid-distillates, both neutral and basic nitrogen compounds have been isolated and identified in fractions boiling below 345°C (12). Pyrroles and indoles account for about two-thirds of the nitrogen. The remaining nitrogen is found in the basic pyridine and quinoline compounds. Most of these compounds are alkylated. 

The most important commercial chemical reactions of phenol are condensation reactions. The condensation reaction between phenol and formaldehyde yields phenoHc resins whereas the condensation of phenol and acetone yields bisphenol A (2,2-bis-(4-hydroxyphenol)propane). PhenoHc resins and bisphenol A [80-05-7] account for more than two-thirds of U.S. phenol consumption (1). 

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