Thinning: apples

Naphthalene acetic acid is used to thin apple and pear blossoms and to control apple and pear preharvest drop (10). It also is used to induce flowering in pineapple, but conversely inhibits sprouting in potatoes, sweet potatoes, and turnips (Brassica rapd) (23). It also is used to promote rooting in... 

Sevin. 1-Naphthalenol methylcarbanate [63-25-2] (Sevin) (44) was developed as an insecticide. However, the conception of the molecule, in the mid-1950s, was as a possible herbicide. The compound ultimately was useless as a herbicide, but in routine testing it was discovered to be an excellent insecticide. Sevin was active in the oat mesocotyl assay and demonstrated weak auxin-like activity. During the development of Sevin, it caused massive apple drop in the western United States in an orchard being treated for insects. It is used (ca 1993) as an abscising agent to thin apples. 

Fenske, R.A., N.J. Simcox, J.E. Camp and C.J. Hines (1999). Comparison of three methods for assessment of hand exposnre to azinphosmethyl (guthion) during apple thinning, Appl. Occup. Environ. Hyg., 14, 618-623. 

Auxins are used to thin apples and pear, increase yields of vegetables, and promote rooting in cuttings and fruit setting. 

N. Flarfield and J. R. Bowler, Theory of thin-skin eddy-current interaction with surface cracks, J. Appl. Phys., 82(9), 4590 - 4603, 1997. 

Caruso F, Jory M J, Bradberry G W, Sambies J R and Furiong D N 1998 Acousto-optic surface-piasmon resonance measurements of thin fiims on goid J. AppL Rhys. 83 1023-8... 

DIeleman J, Blermann U K P and Hess P (eds) 1995 Photon-assisted processing of surfaces and thin films Proc. Symp. B E-MRS Cent. (1994) Appl. Surf. Sc/. 86 543-81... 

Thomas and Rice [/. Appl. Mech., 40, 321-325 (1973)] applied the hydrogen-bubble technique for velocity measurements in thin hquid films. DureUi and Norgard [Exp. Mech., 12,169-177 (1972)] compare the flow birefringence and hydrogen-bubble techniques. 

Geraniol [106-24-1] M 154.3, b 230 , d 0.879, n 1.4766. Purified by ascending chromatography or by thin layer chromatography on plates of kieselguhr G with acetone/water/liquid paraffin (130 70 1) as solvent system. Hexane/ethyl acetate (1 4) is also suitable. Also purified by GLC on a silicone-treated column of Carbowax 20M (10%) on Chromosorb W (60-80 mesh). [Porter Pure Appl Chem 20 499 7969.] Stored in full, tightly sealed containers in the cool, protected from light. 

M. F. Toney and S. Brennan. Structural Depth Profiling of Iron Oxide Thin Films using Grazing Incidence Asymmetric Bra X-ray DiflFraction. J. Appl. Phys. 65J 4763, 1989. 

Marshall, D.B. and Evans, A.G., Measurement of adherence of residually stressed thin-films by indentation. I. Mechanics of interface delamination. J. Appl. Phys., 56(10), 2632-2638 (1984). 

D. J. Srolowitz, S. A. Safran. Capillary instabilities in thin films. J Appl Phys 60 247-260, 1986. 

R. W. Smith. A kinetic Monte Carlo simulation of fiber texture formation during thin-film deposition. J Appl Physics 57 1196, 1997. 

A. Haugcneder, M. Hilmer, C. Kallinger, M. Pemer, W. Spirkl, U. Lemmcr, J. Feldmann, 1). Scherf, Mechanism of gain narrowing in conjugated polymer thin films, Appl. Phys. B 1998, 66, 389. 

V.G. Kozlov, V. Bulovic, P.E. Burrows, M. Baldo, V.B. Khalfin, G. Pailhasarathy, S.R. Forrest, Y. You, M. E. Thompson, Study of lasing action based on Forster energy transfer in optically pumped otganic semiconductor thin films, J. Appl. Phys. 1998, 4, 4096. 

At Fleur de Sel, a restaurant on East 20th Street, the French martini has a fan of mandolin-thin green apple slices lining the glass, as in a tart pan. 

Thinly sliced green apples Pinch of fleur de sel 1 ounce vodka... 

Aisenberg, S. and Chabot, R., Ion-beam Deposition of Thin Films of Diamond-like Carbon,"/. Appl. Phys.,Vo. 42,1971, pp. 2953-2958. 

Yeh LSR, Hudson PG, Damjanovic A (1982) Anodic formation of thin CdS films. I. Kinetics and mechanisms under galvanostatic and potentiodynamic conditions. J Appl Electrochem 12 153-162... 

Bouroushian M, Loizos Z, Spyrellis N, Mamin G (1997) Hexagonal cadmium chalcogenide thin films prepared by electrodeposition from near-boihng aqueous solutions. Appl Surf Sci 115 103-110... 

Bouroushian M, Kosanovic T, Xu HY, Papadimitriou D (2005) Structural and optical investigation of electrosynthesized ZnxCdi xSe thin films. J Phys D Appl Phys 38 1-6... 

Chandra S, Sahu SNJ (1984) Electrodeposited semiconducting molybdenum selenide films. 1. Preparatory technique and stractural characterization. J Phys D Appl Phys 17 2115-2123 Dukstiene N, Kazancev K, Prosicevas 1, Guobiene A (2004) Electrodeposition of Mo-Se thin films from a sulfamatic electrolyte. J SoUd State Electrochem 8 330-336 Ponomarev EA, Neumann-SpaUart M, Hodes G, Levy-Qement C (1996) Electrochemical deposition of M0S2 thin films by reduction of tetrathiomolybdate. Thin SoUd EUms 280 86-89... 

Pottier D, Maurin G (1987) Preparation of polycrystalhne thin films of CulnSe2 by electrodeposition. J Appl Electrochem 19 361-367... 

Lindroos S, Kanniainen T, Leskela M (1994) Growth of ZnS thin films by liquid-phase atomic layer epitaxy (LPALE). Appl Surf Sci 75 70-74... 

Kampmann A, Cowache P, MokiU B, Lincot D, Vedel J (1995) Characterization of (111) cadmium telluiide electrodeposited on cadmium sulphide. J Cryst Growth 146 256-261 Britt J, Ferekides C (1993) Thin-film CdS/CdTe solar cell with 15.8% efficiency. Appl Phys Lett 62 2851-2852... 

Bolivar H, Izquierdo S, Tremont R, Cabrera CR (2003) Methanol oxidation at Pt/MoOx/ MoSc2 thin film electrodes prepared with exfohated MoSe2. J Appl Electrochem 33 1191-1198... 

Schubert J, Schdning MJ, Schmidt C, Siegert M, Mesters St, Zander W, Kordos P, Liith H, Legin A, Mourzina YG, Seleznev B, Vlasov YG (1999) Chalcogenide-based thin film sensors prepared by pulsed laser deposition technique. Appl Phys A Mater Sci Process 69 803-805... 

Maenosono, S., Dushkin, C. D., Saita, S. and Yamaguchi, Y. (2000) Optical memory media based on excitation-time dependent luminescence from a thin film of semiconductor nanocrystals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys., 39, 4006- 12. 

Gloaguen E, AndoUatto E, Durand R, Ozil P. 1994. Kinetic-study of electrochemical reactions at catalyst-recast ionomer interfaces from thin active layer modeling. J Appl Electrochem 24 863-869. 

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