Thermal mapping

Flammiche A, Flourston D J, Pollock FI M, Reading M and Song M 1996 Scanning thermal microscopy sub-surface imaging, thermal mapping of polymer blends, localised calorimetry J. Vac. Sol. Technol. B 14 1486... 

Figure 11.8 Micromanifold thermal map from a 0.5-m wide microchannei piate which contains six submanifoids, where each submanifold feeds 12 parallel channels.

More often than not the number of Bis used is about 20-30. Larger numbers up to 100 may be necessary to address very large autoclaves or in thermal mapping studies, but in validation there is little extra statistical confidence to be gained by doing so. In most microbiology QA laboratories, 20-30 Bis can be handled conveniently. 

Figure 1. Outline of sampling scheme and algorithm to produce thermal map of sea surface temperature by with temperati...

Nutrients. With an error of 0.5 °C (standard deviation) in a thermal map and by using the nutrient-temperature regression equations, expected errors on the order of 1.7 and 0.1 pM for nitrate (mean - 12 pM), and phosphate (mean - 1.5 pM), respectively, can be calculated. These are er-... 

Fig. 19. MR-derived thermal maps during interstitial laser coagulation studies in an in vivo canine prostate gland. The thermal maps are overlaid on a magnitude (localizer) image. The heated areas can be seen as the light coloured annulus growing in size with time (left-right). (Reprinted from ref. 270 by permission of John Wiley Sons, Inc. Copyright 2000 John Wiley.)...

D placement tool has to generate solutions with a relatively even thermal map and low peak temperature. There has been a large body of work (e.g., [16,17]) proposed to solve the problem. For analytical based placers, the requirement for an even thermal can be formulated as a set of equations as constraints. On the other hand, under the context of partitioned based placement, a high power cell can be bloated to a certain extent so that it can be allocated with a larger white space and thus lower power density. 

Then in all cases, one can postprocess thermal map data in some discrete volume form or insert into a CFD code using the Rayleigh flux theorem as follows ... 

High-resolution thermal maps of the surface of the catalyst bed (8-15 mm high) were recorded with an Agema Thermovision 900 apparatus, equipped with optic for close-up view and with a data processing unit for real-time image analysis. An axial multiple theimocouple placed in the catalyst bed allowed the measurement of internal temperature. 

The peculiar aspect of this study is represented by the in-situ measurement of thermal effects produced throughout the reactor under real operating conditions. In this respect, it is important to verify that the thermal map of the surface of the catalyst bed, obtained by thermography, describes reliably the phenomena occurring in the bulk of the bed. For this purpose, the external temperature profile was compared with the profile obtained by an axial multiple thermocouple placed inside the catalyst bed. It was observed that both in the steady and in the transient state, the two profiles have similar shape, although the temperatures are not identical due to axial gradient. 

Due to the unique nature of liquid crystals, they have been widely used in medical and technical fields such as thermal mapping of human skin, diagnosis of vascular diseases [2], cancer diagnosis [3], pharmacological tests [4], skin grafting [5], infrared display units [6], microwave fields 7], etc. 

Figure 9.10 Thermal images of a PVC/PB immiscible blend. (Reprinted with permission from Journal Of Vacuum Science and Technology B., Scanning thermal microscopy Subsurface imaging, thermal mapping of polymer blends, and localized calorimetry by A. Hammiche, D.J. Hourston, H. M. Pollock et al., 14, 2, 1486-1491. Copyright (1996) American Institute of Physics)...

Fig. 10 Thermal map for orthogonal cutting of SCI using CBN tools keeping V(, = 240 m/min...

In thermal measurements a CCD-infrared camera was applied to obtain a thermal map of tool-chip-work material system. The temperature measurement range was from 500 °C to 1,000 °C, which... 

However, direct thermal mapping of the MEA with wire sensors (Chikahisa et al, 2006) can be invasive, as reported by Lebaek et al. (2010). 

Cholesteric liquid crystals can be used in thermal mapping of human skin both for basic studies of the circulatory system and for diagnosis of circulatory system diseases or for detection of tumors. The basic idea is that areas of the body in which circulation is poor will have lower temperatures than areas with good circulation [1]. 

Liquid crystal methods offer numerous advantages over other techniques. Most obvious is the low cost. No expensive and elaborate equipment is needed all that is required are a few bottles of material, a means of applying it to the specimen and a way of applying heat or extracting it from the specimen. Very often there is no other method of thermal mapping. 

The third part of the book is devoted to the medical and technical applications of liquid crystals. The colour of cholesteric liquid crystals changes with changes in temperature or other variables of state. This feature can be used in thermographic applications, for instance, thermal mapping of human skin for the diagnosis of circulatory diseases or the detection of tumors. In modern industrial applications this property is of value for direct temperature diagrams, detection of wave fields, locating faults in electronic devices and for thermally activated information displays. 

Thermal mapping of various areas of the body has been used as a diagostie teehnique for a wide ranging group of medical conditions in which a temperature differential near the skin surfaee may be related to the disorder. Medical applications of liquid crystals are widespread material seems to have been applied to almost every possible area of the body and the examples quoted here are considered to be representative rather than exhaustive. Device structures range from the application of neat material onto the skin [102], to including the liquid crystal in its microencapsulated form as a paint, or embedded in rigid or flexible substrates. The first example of the use of liquid crystals to indicate skin temperature was in 1964 [103], and many patents now exist in this area. 

Biomedical thermography [222] is used extensively as a thermal mapping technique to indicate a wide range of subcutaneous medical disorders. The first use of chiral nematics to indicate skin temperature was over 30 years ago [223]. Such devices are normally constrained to indicate temperature in the 30-33°C temperature range, over which the whole color play can be exhibited. Such films have been used to indicate breast cancer [224], for placental location [225], to identify vascular disorders [226], and for skin grafting [227]. The use of chiral nematics in such areas presents an inexpensive rapid screening technique which is only indicative, since local patient and environment conditions, e.g., room and patient temperatures and internal film pressure, may lead to some false readings. This is discussed in more detail in [97]. 

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