Thermal Gravimetric Analysis TGA

Analysis. Excellent reviews of phosphate analysis are available (28). SoHds characterization methods such as x-ray powder diffraction (xrd) and thermal gravimetric analysis (tga) are used for the identification of individual crystalline phosphates, either alone or in mixtures. These techniques, along with elemental analysis and phosphate species deterrnination, are used to identify unknown phosphates and their mixtures. Particle size analysis, surface area, microscopy, and other standard soHds characterizations are useful in relating soHds properties to performance. SoHd-state nmr is used with increasing frequency. 

Thermal Properties. Spider dragline silk was thermally stable to about 230°C based on thermal gravimetric analysis (tga) (33). Two thermal transitions were observed by dynamic mechanical analysis (dma), one at —75° C, presumed to represent localized mobiUty in the noncrystalline regions of the silk fiber, and the other at 210°C, indicative of a partial melt or a glass transition. Data from thermal studies on B. mori silkworm cocoon silk indicate a glass-transition temperature, T, of 175°C and stability to around 250°C (37). The T for wild silkworm cocoon silks were slightly higher, from 160 to 210°C. 

Determination of the thermal decomposition temperature by thermal gravimetric analysis (tga) defines the upper limits of processing. The tga for cellulose triacetate is shown in Figure 11. Comparing the melt temperature (289°C) from the dsc in Figure 10 to the onset of decomposition in Figure 11 defines the processing temperature window at which the material can successfully be melt extmded or blended. 

ADMET polymers are easily characterized using common analysis techniques, including nuclear magnetic resonance ( H and 13C NMR), infrared (IR) spectra, elemental analysis, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), vapor pressure osmometry (VPO), membrane osmometry (MO), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). The preparation of poly(l-octenylene) (10) via the metathesis of 1,9-decadiene (9) is an excellent model polymerization to study ADMET, since the monomer is readily available and the polymer is well known.21 The NMR characterization data (Fig. 8.9) for the hydrogenated versions of poly(l-octenylene) illustrate the clean and selective nature of ADMET. 

Thermal Analysis - Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) were used to characterize the thermal properties of the polymers synthesized. DSC analysis was performed on a Perkin-Elmer Differential Scanning Calorimeter, Model 2C with a thermal analysis data station. Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) was carried out on a DuPont thermal gravimeter, Model 951. From the DSC and TGA plots of poly (N-pheny 1-3,4-dimethylene-... 

Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA) and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA). CTC-HC1 is stable until it begins to decompose exothermically at approximately 230°C (Figures 2 and 3) (15). The compound does not lose any mass until the final decomposition takes place. No polymorphs have been seen in the samples examined. 

Thermal gravimetric analysis (tga), 18 851 Thermal imaging, of plastics, 19 589 Thermal imidization, 20 269-270, 282 Thermal indicators, virtual two-way SMA devices in, 22 348-349 Thermal iniferters, 14 297 Thermal insulation... 

A representative sample of many of the polyimide films that were produced were subjected to thermo-mechanical analysis (TMA), torsional braid analysis (TBA), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), infrared spectral analysis and weight loss on prolonged heating (e.g. isothermal studies), TABLE II. The softening temperature as measured by TMA and TBA are in general... 

The characterization of graphene often involves several techniques in conjunction in order to build up a complete picture of the material. The techniques typically include electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, X-ray photo-emission spectroscopy (XPS), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and thermal-gravimetric analysis (TGA). 

On the other hand, the P—E bond is rather labile toward hydrolysis by even trace amounts of moisture in nonaqueous solvents, producing a series of corrosive products (Scheme 5). Thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) reveals that, in a dry state, LiPFe loses 50% of its weight at >200 °C but that, in nonaqueous solutions, the deterioration occurs at substantially lower temperatures, for example, as low as 70 X. 

Resin Analysis. Thermal analysis of the BCB resin systems included Differential Scanning Calorisietry (DSC) using a DuPont 010 cell and Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) run on a DuPont 951 TGA, the entire thermal analysis system run using an Omnitherm model 35053... 

The structural characterization of the resulting diblock copolymers was performed by means of SEC, NMR spectroscopy, thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), and DSC. In most of the cases the PDI values were found to be lower than 1.3. However, the calculation of the molar masses of the diblock copolymers was not straightforward since the calibration standards (PEG, PS, and PMMA) used in SEC systems do not provide accurate data. Moreover, the folding behavior of the different block copolymers significantly infiuence the hydrodynamic volume and,... 

Heating the anthracene monoadduct in toluene affords the component molecules [1,8], which demonstrates a facile retro-Diels-Alder reaction. A thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) of solid Cgo(anthracene) shows a cleavage of the anthracene moiety... 

The thermal behavior of the hyperbranched polymer 7, as well as that of the related tetra- and octanuclear dendrimers 1 and 2, was examined by thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and derivative thermogravimetry (DTG). The samples were heated at a ramp rate of 10 °Cymin under nitrogen atmosphere in the tenqierature range 25-8(K) °C. The major decompositions occur between 340 and 540 °C for the tetranuclear 1, and between 370 and 520 °C for the octanuclear 2, whereas for polymer 7 a faster rate of weight loss is observed at a higher (480 and 560 C) temperature range. The thermal stability of the network dendrimeric material 7 is... 

Other characterization methods that are of value are dynamic scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA). A sample DSC is shown in the middle of Figure 15.2. Most cure reactions are exothermic, and the heat generated by cure can cause excessive heat to build up in the polymer if control is not exercised. DSC measures the generation of heat as a function of time and temperature. This can be used to predict the temperature at which the laminate will begin to cure (the onset of the peak in Fig. 15.2) and the temperature or time at which cure will be complete, further improving the selection of cure cycles to try. 

Of all the high temperature, high performance polymers, the benzobisazole rigid-rod polymers are one of the most thermally stable systems known. A variety of thermal techniques have been used to investigate their stability such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal gravimetric-mass spectrometry (TG-MS) and isothermal aging studies. A TGA plot shown in Fig. 4 is indicative... 

TABLE 18.3. Select NOM Characterization Studies by Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), Differential Thermal Analysis (DTA), and Evolved Gas Analysis (EGA)... 

Residue on Ignition (ROI) for Thermal Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) Presence of Inorganic Impurities for Presence of Volatile Impurities... 

Chromophores must be thermally robust enough to withstand temperatures encountered in electric field poling and subsequent processing of chromophore/polymer materials. Chromophore decomposition temperatures can be assessed by techniques such as thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). TGA and DSC measurements on neat chromophore samples in air will tend to yield decomposition temperatures lower than those for the same chromophores in hardened polymer lattices. Typically, to be useful for development of device quality materials, a chromophore must exhibit thermal stability of 250 °C or higher (with thermal stability defined as... 

Results on thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA) are shown in Figure 4 and Table 3. 

In this section, some case studies will be presented on the characterization of CMP pad and slurry [17-20] using such advanced analytical techniques as dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), modulated differential scanning calorimetry (MDSC), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), thermal mechanical analysis (TMA), dynamic rheometry, dual emission laser induced fluorescence (DELIF), and the dynamic nuclear magnetic resonance (DNMR). More specifically, these techniques were used to characterize (a) the effect of heat... 

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