Thermal energy-efficient

The cement industry worldwide is very energy-intensive, with fuel cost typically accounting for 30-40% of OPEX (operation expenditures). For this reason the thermal energy efficiency has improved significantly over the last decades and the AF have been used to substitute the conventional fuels in order to furfher reduce cosfs. 

Muster-Slawitsch, B. (2014) Thermal energy efficiency and process intensification for the food industry - methodology development for Breweries, Dissertation. Technical University Graz, Graz. 

Thermal vias are simply those that connect the thermal lands or thermal collection plates to the thermal planes. They are formed using the same processing techniques that are used for the PCB s electrical vias. However, unlike electrical vias, the primary intent of a thermal via is that it condncts thermal energy efficiently into the thermal planes. As snch, a number of conditions should be met ... 

Cooling tower blowdown can be reduced by improving the energy efficiency of processes, thus reducing the thermal load on cooling towers. Alternatively, cooling water systems can be switched to air coolers, which eliminates the problem altogether. 

The use and effective costs of various energy alternatives are shown in Table 2. Use or internal costs include production, transportation, and distribution. Effective costs take into account the use costs estimated external costs, which include costs associated with damage to the environment caused by utili2ation of various fossil fuels and fuel utili2ation efficiencies, ie, the efficiency of converting fuels into mechanical, electrical, or thermal energy. The effective costs are expressed as /GJ of fossil fuel equivalent (15). The overall equation for the effective cost is... 

When the temperature of a solar cell rises, cell conversion efficiency decreases because the additional thermal energy increases the thermally generated minority (dark-drift) current. This increase in dark-drift current is balanced in the cell by lowering the built-in barrier potential, lU, to boost the majority diffusion current. The drop in F causes a decrease in and F. Therefore, a cell s output, ie, the product of F and decreases with increasing cell temperature. is less sensitive to temperature changes than F and actually increases with temperature. 

Fuel Cell Catalysts. Euel cells (qv) are electrochemical devices that convert the chemical energy of a fuel direcdy into electrical and thermal energy. The fuel cell, an environmentally clean method of power generation (qv), is more efficient than most other energy conversion systems. The main by-product is pure water. 

Energy costs ate not direcdy related to the energy efficiency of the process (6,42). Even if the thermal efficiency of a steam ejector, for example, is less than that of mechanical equipment mn by an electdc motor, the overall cost of the energy to mn the steam ejector may still be less. 

Carbon Composites. Cermet friction materials tend to be heavy, thus making the brake system less energy-efficient. Compared with cermets, carbon (or graphite) is a thermally stable material of low density and reasonably high specific heat. A combination of these properties makes carbon attractive as a brake material and several companies are manufacturing carbon fiber—reinforced carbon-matrix composites, which ate used primarily for aircraft brakes and race cats (16). Carbon composites usually consist of three types of carbon carbon in the fibrous form (see Carbon fibers), carbon resulting from the controlled pyrolysis of the resin (usually phenoHc-based), and carbon from chemical vapor deposition (CVD) filling the pores (16). 

SNR s fluidized-bed cogeneiation system is an early example of the commercial development of AFBC technology. Foster Wheeler designed, fabricated, and erected the coal-fired AFBC/boHer, which generates 6.6 MWe and 37 MW thermal (also denoted as MWt) of heat energy. The thermal energy is transferred via medium-pressure hot water to satisfy the heat demand of the tank farm. The unit bums 6.4 t/h of coal and uses a calcium to sulfur mole ratio of 3 to set the limestone feed rate. The spent bed material may be reiajected iato the bed as needed to maintain or build bed iaventory. The fly ash, collected ia two multicyclone mechanical collectors, may also be transferred pneumatically back to the combustor to iacrease the carbon bumup efficiency from 93%, without fly ash reiajection, to 98%. 

Thus, thermal comfort is clearly desirable and important to the well-being and productivity, and thereby the financial health, of industry. An understanding of the principles of thermal comfort and discomfort can help guide a designer s efforts in creating and operating industrial environments that are both energy-efficient and thermally acceptable to the occupants. 

Control of thermal and pressure conditions in treated spaces in a safe, reliable, and energy-efficient manner... 

Air conditioning systems have been traditionally compared and rated by cooling and/or heating capacity and, more recently, energy efficiency. Capacity is expressed in British thermal units per hour (Bttili) or in watts. Energy efficiency is expressed as the operat-... 

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