Thermal characterisation

E. Tuti, ed.. Thermal Characterisation of Polymeric Materials, Academic Press, Inc., New York, 1981. 

The thermal characterisation of elastomers has recently been reviewed by Sircar [28] from which it appears that DSC followed by TG/DTG are the most popular thermal analysis techniques for elastomer applications. The TG/differential thermal gravimetry (DTG) method remains the method of choice for compositional analysis of uncured and cured elastomer compounds. Sircar s comprehensive review [28] was based on single thermal methods (TG, DSC, differential thermal analysis (DTA), thermomechanical analysis (TMA), DMA) and excluded combined (TG-DSC, TG-DTA) and simultaneous (TG-fourier transform infrared (TG-FTIR), TG-mass spectroscopy (TG-MS)) techniques. In this chapter the emphasis is on those multiple and hyphenated thermogravimetric analysis techniques which have had an impact on the characterisation of elastomers. The review is based mainly on Chemical Abstracts records corresponding to the keywords elastomers, thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry, differential thermal analysis, infrared and mass spectrometry over the period 1979-1999. Table 1.1 contains the references to the various combined techniques. 

S. W. Shalaby, Thermoplastic polymers. In Thermal Characterisation of Polymer Materials, Turin E. A. (ed.). Academic Press New York, 237-264, 1981. 

Gallagher, P.K., Thermoanalytical instrumentation, techniques and methodology, in Thermal Characterisation of Polymeric Materials, 2nd ed., Turi, E.A., Ed., Academic Press, San Diego, 1997, pp. 2-205. 

The thermal behaviour of zeolites has thoroughly been investigated. When heated, a zeolite powder undergoes a series of physical and chemical changes, which include water loss, decomposition and gas evolution, phase transition, structure breakdown, re-crystallisation, melting, and others [75J. The thermal characterisation of natural zeolites has been carried out by various techniques and the relevant data may be found in several publications [44,76-78]. 

Ananthakumar S., Jayasankar M., Warrier K.G.K.. Microstructural, mechanical and thermal characterisation of sol-gel derived aluminium titanate-mullite ceramic composites. Acta Materialia, 2006,54 2965-2973... 

I (2004) Thermal characterisation of a direction dependent flow sensor. Sens Actuators... 

Polyurethanes are characterised by the conventional analytical and spectroscopic techniques in the same way as other polymers. The standard techniques used for detennining physical properties such as viscosity, specific gravity, drying time, hydroxyl value and isocyanate value (by butyl amine method) have been discussed in earUer chapters. Structural confirmation, molecular weight detennination, rheological behaviour and thermal characterisation are generally carried out by spectroscopic techniques such... 

Modulated temperature differential scanning calorimetry (MTDSC, also called temperature modulated DSC or TMDSC) is an extension of conventional DSC in which a modulated temperature input signal is used This modern technique has proven to be very beneficial for the thermal characterisation of many materials, especially polymers [1-5]. 

This brief summary reveals a too complex issue to be discussed in all details in a single book chapter. More information is available through the 2879 screens of the computer course Thermal Analysis of Materials, available by downloading from the Internet [1] and the reference work of 2547 pages on Thermal Characterisation of Polymeric Materials [2], or in the treatises on Thermal Analysis of Polymeric Materials [3] and Macromolecular Physics [4-6]. General information and data can be found in Calorimetry [7], the Encyclopaedia of Polymer Science and Engineering [8], the Polymer Handbook [9] and the ATHAS Data Bank [10]. All these sources should give you access to the information needed for interpretation of the instrumental and polymeric materials problems beyond this chapter. 

With these three simple equations, all equilibrium calorimetry can be described, so that measurement of heat capacity and latent heat allows a full thermal characterisation. Figure 4.2 illustrates a typical diagram of the thermal properties of crystalline polyethylene and its melt. The data were obtained by extrapolation of measurements of heat capacities on... 

P. E. Slade and L, T. Jenkins, eds., rechniques and Methods of Polymer Evaluation, M. Dekker, New York, Vol. 1 (Thermal Antlysis) 1966 Vol. 2 (Thermal Characterisation Techniques)... 

TABLE 1. Experimental details for the polymerisation of xo-n-alkyl norbomene dicarboxyimides using classical initiators 1 and II, and thermal characterisation data. 

Kandiyoti,R.,Herod,A.A.,Bartle,K.D. (2006) SolidFuels andHeavy Hydrocarbon Liquids Thermal Characterisation and Analysis. Oxford, UK Elsevier. 

Amato G et al (2000) Thermal characterisation of porous silicon membranes. J Porous Mat 7 183-186... 

Alvarez FX, Jou D, Sellitto A (2010) Pore-size dependence of the thermal conductivity of porous silicon A phonon hydrodynamic approach. Appl Phys Lett 97 033103 Amato G, Angelucci R, Benedetto G, Boarino L, Dori L, Maccagnani P, Rossi AM, Spagnolo R (2000) Thermal Characterisation of Porous Silicon Membranes. J Porous Mater 7 183 Benedetto G, Boarino L, Spagnolo R (1997) Evaluation of thermal conductivity of porous silicon layers by a photoacoustic method. Appl Phys A 64 155 Bernini U, Maddalena P, Massena E, Ramaglia A (1999) Photo-acoustic characterization of porous silicon samples. J Opt A Pure Appl Opt 1 210... 

Friedberger A, Kreisl P, Rose E, Muller G, Kuhner G, WoUenstein J, Bottner H (2003) Micromechanical fabrication of robust low-power metal-oxide gas sensors. Sens Actuators B 93 345-349 Furjes P, Ducso C, Adam M, Zettner J, Barsony 1 (2004) Thermal characterisation of micro-hotplates used in sensor structures. Superlattice Microstruct 35 455- 64... 

Fiirjes P, Ldgrfidi G, Diicso C, Aszodi A, Barsony I (2004) Thermal characterisation of a direction dependent flow sensor. Sens Act A 115 417-423... 

Brown, I.W.M., Bowden, ME., Kemmitt, T. MacKenzie, K.J.D (2006). Structural and Thermal Characterisation of Nanostructured Alumina Templates Current Applied Physics Vol. 6 (3), pp.557-561. 

Carrillo, R, Colom, X., Sunol, J.J., Saurina, J., 2004. Structural FTIR analysis and thermal characterisation of lyocell and viscose-type fibres. Eur. Polym. J. 40, 2229-2234. 

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