Therapies for diabetes

MCPEAK P, RUKMiNi c, REDDY SASTRY c (2001) Supportive therapy for diabetes, hyperglycemia and hypoglycemia. US Patent 6,303,586 Bl. 

Source Adapted from M Sperling, in Therapy for Diabetes Mellitus and Related Disorders, American Diabetes Association, Alexandria, VA, 1 998 and AE Kitabchi et al Diabetes Care 24 131, 2001. 

The goals of therapy for diabetic foot infection are eradication of the infection and avoidance of soft tissue loss and amputation. 

Docherty, K. 1997. Gene therapy for diabetes mellitus. Clinical Science 92(4), 321-330. 

Demeterco, C. and Levine, F. 2001. Gene therapy for diabetes. Frontiers in Bioscience 6, D175-D191. 

Yechoor, V and Chan, L. 2005. Gene therapy progress and prospects gene therapy for diabetes mellitus. Gene Therapy 12(2), 101-107. 

Chan L, Fujimiya M, Kojima H. In vivo gene therapy for diabetes meUitus. Trends Mol Med 2003 9 430-5. 

Takaike H, Uchigata Y, Iwasaki N, Iwamoto Y. Transient elevation of liver transaminase after starting insulin therapy for diabetic acidosis or ketoacidosis in newly diagnosed type 1 diabetes mellitus. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2004 64 27-32. 

Sorensen JT, A physiologic model of glucose metabolism in man and its use to design and assess improved insulin therapies for diabetes, 1985. 

In conclusion, the pulmonary delivery of insuhn offers an efficient and convenient therapy for diabetic patients. The feasibility of inhaled insuhn is based mainly on the lungs large absorption area of alveoli and their extremely thin walls full of intercellular spaces that make them more permeable than other mucosal sites to large proteins. Generally, inhaled insuhn showed a more rapid absorption than insulin administered by SC injection [59]. One major concern for pulmonary insuhn delivery is the unknown long-term effects of inhaled insuhn within the respiratory tract. Thus, possible long-term problems should be considered when insuhn is administered in this manner [66]. 

Kolodka, T. M., Finegold, M., Moss, L. and Woo, S. L. (1995). Gene therapy for diabetes mellitus in rats by hepatic expression of insulin. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 92, 3293-3297. 

Although replacement therapy is basically limited to endocrine disorders, it still plays an important therapeutic role in clinical pharmacology. The number of people requiring replacement therapy for diabetes and hypothyroidism alone makes insulin and thyroid hormone among the most commonly prescribed drugs in the United States. For example, the drug Synthroid is taken daily by 8 million people to correct hypothyroidism, and its share of the market is worth 600 million per year. As more information is discovered about the role of other endogenous substances in the body, new examples of replacement therapy will occur. 

Burns CJ, Persaud SJ, Jones PM. Stem cell therapy for diabetes So we need to make beta calls J Endocrinol 2004 183 437 13. 

Frank RN. Potential new medical therapies for diabetic retinopathy protein kinase C inhibitors. Am J Ophthalmol 2002 133 693. 

Copaltra is a herbal tea sold in France as an adjuvant therapy for diabetes. It contains Coutarea latiflora (50 g) and Centaurium erythreae (50 g). 

Intracellular redistribution of is illustrated by the fall in plasma IC that occurs following insuiin therapy for diabetic hyperglycemia. The cells must take up as a consequence of glucose transport. Redistribution hypokalemia is also a feature of alkalosis, in which K moves from ECF into the cells as H moves in the opposite direction. In addition, the renal conservation of m the distal tubule occurs at the expense of ions. On the other hand, severe intracellular IC depletion may also cause alkalosis, as shifts intracel-lularly. Catecholamines and states of endogenous or pharmacological P-adrenergic excess have a similar effect. 

Thus, both basic and clinical data show Hb A levels reflect the patient s mean blood glucose level for the preceding weeks to months. Hb A levels are not Influenced by snort term fluctuations in blood sugar. Infrequent quantification of Hb A. concentration in the blood of diabetic outpatients can objectively and accurately assess the quality of carbohydrate control, a feature unique to the measurement. This should allow more optimal adjustment of therapy for diabetics. Furthermore, Hb A measured serially in a prospective study can be used to better define the relationship between carbohydrate control and the development of the sequelae of chronic diabetes. 

Shea KW. Antimicrobial therapy for diabetic foot infections. Postgrad Med 1999 106 85-94. 

Grayson ML, Gibbons GW, Habershaw GM, et al. Use of ampiciflin-sulbactam versus imipenem-cilastatin in the treatment of Umb-threatening foot infections in diabetic patients. CUn Infect Dis 1994 18 683-693. Lipsky BA, Baker PD, Landon GC, et al. Antibiotic therapy for diabetic foot infections Comparison of two parenteral-to-oral regimens. Qin Infect Dis 1997 24 643-648. 

So far, a few of isozymes (F-III-1, III-2 and -II, etc) have been purified and studied in detail. Some molecular and pharmacological properties of EFEs are still unclear. However, EFEs are usefully investigated as a candidate to therapies for diabetes, anti-fat crystallization, blood pressure adjuster (hypertension and hypotension), solvent thrombus, cerebral vessels, angina, liver disorder, cataracts, glaucoma, varicosity, rheumatism, bedsores, nephritis, vibration disease, etc [91-100]. These would be meaningful topics for further studies. 

Few commercial uses exist for the radioactive decay products of uranium. The highly radiotoxic Ra was used in luminous paint on watch and instrument dials and, during the 1920s and 1930s, was also widely used in radiotherapy to treat tumors as well as therapy for diabetes, sciatica, uremia, rheumatism, and even impotence (Genet 1998). The radium decay product, Rn, with its half-life of 3.8 days is still used, after sealing it in minute tubes called seeds or needles, for local irradiations in patients. 

APhA Special Report. New approaches to insulin therapy for diabetes. American Pharmaceutical Association, Washington DC 2001. 

Persistent pain due to neuropathy is experienced by approximately 10% of diabetic patients. Acute pain includes the insulin neuritis syndrome, which occurs in the beginning of insulin therapy for diabetes and is self-limiting. Chronic pain with duration of more than 6 months can be constant. 

The recovered aerosolized insulin solution was similar to that of cells treated with a control insulin sample. Also the addition of additives used for the insulin aerosolization impair the plasma glucose-lowering action of subcutaneously injected insulin. For these reasons, the potential use of an inlqet device for insulin inhalation therapy for diabetes has been suggested (50). 

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