Therapeutic research approaches

There are many reviews on the therapeutic management of phosgene 

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A clinical pharmaceutical scientist is an independent investigator with education and training in pharmacothe-rapeutics who utilizes contemporary research approaches to generate new knowledge relevant to drug behavior in humans, to therapeutic interventions, and/or to patient outcomes. 

The Biomarkers Definitions Working Group (BDWG) has stated One approach to the achievement of more expeditious and informative therapeutic research is the use of clinical measurement tools to determine disease progression and the... 

The number of known cytokines, as well as the diversity of biological functions, have led to a very complex and often confusing picture of the immunologic and nonimmunologic processes involved. The role of cytokiaes in local or systemic homeostatic mechanisms related to physiological functions may be utilized therapeutically for treatment of cancer and a variety of other diseases (2). Pharmaceutical research and development efforts surrounding lL-1 are typical examples of the cytokine inhibition approach to chronic inflammation research (2). 

There are multiple mechanisms known to underlie the neuronal cell damage associated with injury or disease that at least theoretically could be targeted for pharmaceutical intervention. Currently however, there is no clinically available therapeutic agent that can reliably protect the brain from progressive neurodegenerative processes for sustained periods. Due to the extensive amount of preclinical research that has been conducted in recent years, there is a basis for optimism, however, it appears likely that some of these approaches will result in clinically effective therapeutic modalities in the near future. A short overview of some of the investigational approaches to combat neurodegeneration appears below. 

Our current understanding of the potential therapeutic applications of CBi antagonists owes a great deal to the discovery of rimonabant (382). Indeed, clinical data demonstrating the efficacy of (382) in the treatment of obesity and nicotine addiction has provided a substantial driving force for the expanding research effort into this approach. 

Two major panels of experts publish guidelines for the treatment of HIV-infected individuals. Although the recommendations are quite similar, slight differences do exist between the Department of Health and Human Services (DHHS) Guidelines2 and the International AIDS Society-USA (IAS-USA) Panel Recommendations.4 The DHHS Guidelines are updated every 6 months and current and archived versions are available online at www.aidsinfo.nih.gov. The IAS-USA Guidelines were last updated in 2006, and in 2004 prior to that revision. Due to the intense research and constant modifications to therapeutic approaches in the treatment of HIV, the majority of the treatment algorithms and recommendations presented herein follow the most up-to-date information found in the DHHS recommendations. 

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