Therapeutic reformers

See John P. Swann, The History of Pharmacy and Estates of Pharmacy Institutional Frameworks for Drug Research in America, Pharmacy in History 32 (1990) 3-11 and Harry M. Marks, The Progress of Experiment Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900-1990 (Baltimore Johns Hopkins University Press, 1997). 

When implementing the 1938 law, FDA officials relied heavily on an elite cadre of physicians who had sought for decades to make medicine more scientific. As described by the historian Harry Marks, therapeutic reformers promoted greater use of laboratory tests, animal experiments, and clinical trials in humans to produce data on new drugs.12 They also contributed to a crusading... 

The Progress of Experiment Science and Therapeutic Reform in the United States, 1900-1990. 

This book consists of a series of works that evaluate various aspects related to the public financing of pharmaceuticals. In all health systems with majority public funding, the financing of pharmaceuticals constitutes one of the key factors in reform policies and health cost containment measures. This importance of pharmaceutical spending can be explained by both its relative size (its share within health expenditure as a whole), and its rapid growth, which is closely related to the constant incorporation of therapeutic innovations. 

On the face of it, and as argued by the Australian government (Davies 2004), the provisions of the AUSFTA represent procedural changes rather than substantive reform to current regulatory arrangements. Further, within the principles of Annex 2C, "innovation" is uniquely linked with "high-quality healthcare," "affordability," "accountability, and "objectively demonstrated therapeutic significance."... 

In 1983, Merrell Dow Pharmaceuticals, Inc. voluntarily removed Bendectin from the market because of the many product liability suits pending. However, subsequent in-depth analysis of epidemiological and scientific data indicated that the therapeutic use of Bendectin had no measurable teratogenic effects. Nevertheless, despite the overwhelming scientific evidence, a number of jury decisions were rendered against the company (providing an argument for tort reform). 

In many countries, medicine is at present facing urgent political and economic calls for reform. These socioeconomic pressures notwithstanding, pharmacotherapy has always been an integral part of the health care system and will remain so in the future. Well-founded knowledge of the preventive and therapeutic value of drugs is a sine qua non for the successful treatment of patients entrusting themselves to a physician or pharmacist. 

Although the Federal Government has not adopted product liability reforms for therapeutic pharmaceuticals, several States have, and the Federal Government has adopted no-fault compensation schemes for swine flu and childhood vaccines that could offer potential models for Federal underwriting of other product liability risks. The U S. Congress has also considered several proposals to adopt a Federal product liability law that would supersede current State law. 

This drug is an inhibitor of microtubule assembly. It therefore inhibits cell division (spindle formation), cellular movement, and transport of substances within a cell (gel-sol transformations, through microtubule dissolution and reformation). The therapeutic action of the drug lies in the inhibition of microtubule assembly in neutrophils—neutrophil migration into affected areas is inhibited, as is the secretion of inflammatory substances (due to inhibition of gel-sol transformations). Thus, inflammation is reduced. 

Paracelsus, the Swiss doctor Theophrastus PhiUippus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim (1493-1541) was a celebrated physician and reformer of therapeutics. His pseudonym Paracelsus had perhaps the meaning superior to Celsus L... 

Kohler, Robert. Medical Reform and Biomedical Science Biochemistry—a Case Study. In The Therapeutic Revolution Essays in the Social History of American Medicine, edited by Morris Vogel and Charles Rosenberg, 27 66. Philadelphia University of Pennsylvania, 1979. 

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