The Tolerable Upper Intake Levels

SCF (2000). Opinion of the Scientific Committee on Food on the Tolerable Upper Intake Level of Beta Carotene. Scientific Committee on Food, http //europa.eu.int/comm/ food/fs/sc/scf/index en.html. 

Vieth, R. (2006). Critique of the considerations for establishing the tolerable upper intake level for vitamin D Critical need for revision upwards. /. Nutr. 136,1117-1122. 

Opinion of the Scientific Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition and allergies on a request from the commission related to the tolerable upper intake level of fluoride, EFSA J. 192 (2005) 1-65 (Available at http //www.efsa.eu.int/science/nda/nda opinions/catindex en.html). 

The average daily dietary intake of phosphorus in the developed world is approximately 1,000 mg, which exceeds the 700 mg adequate daily intake level for adults estabhshed by the Food and Nutrition Board of the Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences (www.10M.edu). The same group defines the tolerable upper intake level for phosphorus as 4 g for most adults, but 3 g for adults over the age of 70. Phosphorus intake varies with the composition of the diet, and foods that are rich in phosphate include eggs, milk products, meat, and fish. 

SCF (2001) — Opinion of the scientific committee on food on the tolerable upper intake levels of magnesium. European Commission. 

The Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA) for Mo in adult women and men is 45 pg per day, while the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) in the USA is 2000 pg per day, this level being based on impaired reproductive function and growth in am-mals (Anonymous 2001). 

The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) refers to the highest level of daily nutrient intake consumed over time that is likely to pose no risks of adverse effects for almost all healthy individuals in the general population. Adverse effects are defined as any significant alteration in the structure or function of the human organism. The... 

The influence of seaweed on iodine intake may be considered adverse in some situations, as the intake in vegans who eat the food item may approach or exceed the tolerable upper intake level for iodine (Lightowler and Davies, 1998). However, although edible seaweed contains very high levels of iodine, the proportion of vegans who... 

It has been suggested that treatment with supraphysiologic levels of iodine has potential therapeutic uses beyond thyronine function (Miller, 2006). Some clinicians believe that all tissues in the human body should be saturated with iodine (Flechas, 2005). Maintenance of the equilibrium between thyroidal and extrathyroidal iodine is estimated to require about six times the tolerable upper intake level (UL) (Berson and Yalow, 1954). Controlled chronic safety data for daily iodine intake at these levels are difficult to find even though physicians prescribed daily iodine therapy at doses that ranged from 10 to 100 times the UL during the first half of the twentieth century (Kelly, 1961). 

Dietary Reference Intakes (DRIs) are used quite a lot and refer to a set of four nutrient-based reference values that represent the approach to provide quantitative estimates of nutrient intakes. The DRIs replace and expand on the Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDAs) for the United States and the Recommended Nutrient Intakes (RNIs) for Canada. The DRIs consist of the RDAs, the Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL), the Estimated Average Requirement (EAR), and the Adequate Intake (AI). Generally, each of these values represents average daily nutrient intake of individuals in the diet (Goldhaber, 2003 Murphy and Poos, 2002 Parr et ah, 2006 Trumbo et ah, 2001 Yates et ah, 1998). In addition, dietary intake data for minerals could be assessed within the context of the bioavailability and other factors affecting the utilization of elements by the human body, such as age, sex, and health aspects (Dokkum, 1995). 

EFSA (2004) Opinion of the scientific panel on dietetic products, nutrition and allergies on a request from the commission related to the Tolerable Upper Intake level of silicon. EFSA J 60 1-11 Fruijtier-Polloth C (2012) The toxicological mode of action and the safety of synthetic amorphous silica - a nanostructured material. Toxicology 294 61-79 Gitelman HJ, Alderman FR, Perry SJ (1992) Silicon accumulation in dialysis patients. Am J Kidney Dis 19(2) 140-143... 

Due to its limited absorption in the gastrointestinal tract, riboflavin shows no toxicity by oral ingestion. Parenteral administration of extremely high doses (400 mg/kg body weight) may lead to crystallization of riboflavin in the kidney. The tolerable upper intake levels for riboflavin were not defined due to lack of data on their adverse effects. 

The Food and Nutrition Board of the U.S. National Academy of Sciences has recently devised a new nomenclature for human nutrient needs [30]. Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI) refer to a set of four nutrient-based reference values, termed the estimated average requirement (EAR), the recommended dietary allowance (RDA), adequate intake (AI), and the tolerable upper intake level (UL). The EAR is defined in the same way as in the CEC and UK recommendations. The RDA is now somewhat more rigorously defined to be the EAR + 2 SD (standard deviations), i.e. equivalent to the RNI and PRI in the UK and CEC systems. 

Evidence of widespread manganese deficiency in human populations is lacking. Typically, manganese intakes approximate the 2001 US Institute of Medicine s suggested adequate intakes as follows 3 [tg/day for infants 0-6 months old, 0.6 mg/day for infants 7-12 months old, 1.2-1.9 mg/day for children 1-13 years old, 1.6-2.2 mg/day for older children, and 1.8-2.6 mg/day for adults. The Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL) is the highest level of a daily nutrient intake that is likely to pose no risk of adverse health effects in almost all individuals. The Institute of Medicine s recommended intakes for manganese set ULs at 2, 3, and 6 mg/day for children 1-3, 4—8, and 9-13 years old, respectively. Values were set at 9 mg/day for adolescents 14—18 years old and at 11 mg/day for adults. 

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