The term activation

It is important to know that the term activation is used as a translation of several national terms, which covers various situations and measures in the field of labour market (see also below). Each term used in the different legal systems has its own legal and empiric signification. As has been pointed out, from a legal point of view, activation cannot be precisely defined (see Introduction), but it is possible to precisely describe the methods and fields of action of the activation measures as they exist in the different countries. 

The relevant norms of French law mention the term activation, but they do it in a completely different context (e.g. activation of financing). In France, a legal concept of activation does not exist either. In the 1980s and 1990s, the French state tried to find solutions for the challenge of mass unemployment. There is a multitude of activating measures in different fields of law that are not defined as such by the legislator. 

In Denmark, activation of unemployed within the scope of labour market policy is the overall topic for a multitude of legal requirements and extra-legal activities. However, it is a central element of Danish labour market policy that the term activation has its own legal quality insofar as the unemployed is both entitled to activation but also has the duty to participate in activation programmes after a certain period of unemployment. Activation is not linked with an entitlement to a specific measure but at least to an activity within a bundle of measures. Thus, in this sense activation is a legal category. 

In Sweden, the situation is similar. The terms used are activation programmes and activating support.  

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The term activation refers to the development of the adsorption properties of carbon. Raw materials such as coal and charcoal do have some adsorption capacity, but this is greatly enhanced by the activation process. There are three main forms of activated carbon. 

Activated sludge Sludge particles produced in raw or settled wastewater (primary effluent) by the growth of organisms (including zoogleal bacteria) in aeration tanks in the presence of dissolved oxygen. The term "activated" comes from the fact that... 

The term matrix has different meanings to different people. For some, matrix refers to components of the catalyst other than the zeolite. For others, matrix is a component of the catalyst aside from the zeolite having catalytic activity. Yet for others, matrix refers to the catalyst binder. In this chapter, matrix means components of the catalyst other than zeolite and the term active matrix means the component of the catalyst other than zeolite heaving catalytic activity. 

It should be noted again that ISEs sense the activity, rather than the concentration of ions in solution. The term activity is used to denote the effective (active) concentration of the ion. The difference between concentration and activity arises because of ionic interactions (with oppositely charged ions) that reduce the effective concentration of the ion. The activity of an ion i in solution is related to its concentration, c by... 

At the outset it is important to clarify the scope of this discussion by the elimination of areas which will not be considered. When one notes that the term "activation of carbon monoxide" may mean a process as little perturbative of the C-0 bond as its end-on attachment to a metal atom in carbonyls, or as strongly perturbative as its dissociation to atoms on a metal surface, the need for limits becomes obvious. In this discussion we will consider only the activation of carbon monoxide in the sense that isolable products are formed by the addition of hydrogen to the molecule without complete rupture of all carbon-oxygen bonds, oxygenates are formed. 

Oxy- and deoxy-hemoglobins are mainly of interest because they are related to the regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF). The focal change in rCBF determines the activation state. The term activation usually refers to the focal increase in rCBF whereas a decrease is called deactivation [78]. With the dual wavelength approach, one can derive two simultaneous equations to be solved for each of the two chromophore concentration changes. To this end, Equation (4) is split into two parts, separating the contributions from HbO and Hb. Equation (4) is then, rewritten as... 

The expression critical energy corresponds conceptually to the term activation energy A. Maccoll, Org. Mass Spectrom., 15, 225 (1980). 

Nomenclature. The terms active agent and pharmacon designate substances that are capable of modifying life processes irrespective of whether the effects elicited may benefit or harm the organisms concerned. By this definition, a toxin is also a pharmacon. Taken in a narrower sense, a pharmacon means a substance that is used for therapeutic purposes. An unequivocal term for such a substance is medicinal drug. 

The amount of water in the reaction mixture can be quantified in different ways. The most common way is to nse the water concentration (in mol/1 or % by volume). However, the water concentration does not give much information on the key parameter enzyme hydration. In order to have a parameter which is better correlated with enzyme hydration, researchers have started to nse the water activity to quantify the amount of water in non-conventional reaction media (Hailing, 1984 Bell et al, 1995). For a detailed description of the term activity (thermodynamic activity), please look in a textbook in physical chemistiy. Activities are often very nselul when studying chemical equilibria and chemical reactions of all kinds, but since they are often difficult to measure they are not used as mnch as concentrations. Normally, the water activity is defined so that it is 1.0 in pure water and 0.0 in a completely dry system. Thus, dilute aqueous solutions have water activities close to 1 while non-conventional media are found in the whole range of water activities between 0 and 1. There is a good correlation between the water activity and enzyme hydration and thns enzyme activity. An advantage with the activity parameter is that the activity of a component is the same in all phases at eqnihbrium. The water activity is most conveniently measnred in the gas phase with a special sensor. The water activity in a liqnid phase can thns be measured in the gas phase above the liquid after equilibration. 

The term activity, aH+, is used because pH reflects the amount of available hydrogen ions instead of the concentration of hydrogen ions. In an aqueous solution, the following equilibrium exists between hydrogen ions (H+) and hydroxide ions (OH-) ... 

We described reservoir capacity as the ability to contain an active ingredient within a matrix. In this sense, we give the term active ingredient the broadest possible meaning. We will show how polyurethanes are used to absorb exudates from deep tissue wounds. The exudates are considered active ingredients. We likened reservoir capacity to a bottle and controlled release to a bottle with a leak. A polyurethane can serve as a controlled release device, and we will illustrate this in a number of applications. 

By international agreement, 1.0 unit of enzyme activity is defined as the amount of enzyme causing transformation of 1.0 gmol of substrate per minute at 25 °C under optimal conditions of measurement. The term activity refers to the total units of enzyme in a solution. The specific activity is the number of enzyme units per milligram of total protein (Fig. 3-23). The specific activity is a measure of enzyme purity it increases during purification of an enzyme and becomes maximal and constant when the enzyme is pure (Table 3-5). 

The trigonal bipyramidai species that forms during the reaction and then rearranges to give products may exist either as an activated complex or as a true intermediate. The distinction between the two depends essentially on the lifetime of the species. The term activated complex refers to the configuration of reactants and... 

The term active sites is often applied to those sites for adsorption which are the effective sites for a particular heterogeneous catalytic reaction. The terms active site and active centre are often used as synonyms, but active centre may also be used to describe an ensemble of sites at which a catalytic reaction takes place. 

In the mid-1990s the term active pharmaceutical ingredient (API) was introduced by the FDA to replace the term bulk pharmaceutical chemical (BPC). 

Expenditure of energy. The term active transport implies that some energy must be used to fuel the carrier system. This energy is usually in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP) hydrolysis. 

In heterogeneous catalysis, the term active site is also used extensively [7,8], The density of active sites per unit surface area of the catalyst is an important parameter in catalyst analysis and development [9], However, whereas the surface area is relatively easily determined experimentally [10], the number of active sites in heterogeneous catalysts is not easily estimated. Therefore, although both fields use turnover numbers (reactant converted per unit time per active site) to describe activity, only the enzymologists can be sure that the quantitation of this parameter is adequate. 

The model which is considered now assumes the optimum and simplest case the silicon tetrachloride molecules passing the tube are activated on entering the plasma region and diffuse in all directions, ready for deposition on the tube walls. This is somewhat oversimplified but the consequences should show where the model holds. The term activate is used in ignorance of the true mechanisms, but for our purpose of a phenomenological description this knowledge is not necessary. Since we have laminar flow the equations that describe the deposition are... 

Enzyme activity is commonly expressed by the initial rate (l/0) of the reaction being catalyzed. The units of V0 are pmol min-1, which can also be represented by the enzyme unit (U) or the katal (kat), where 1 pmol min-1 = 1 U = 16.67 nanokat. The term activity (or total activity) refers to the total units of enzyme in a sample, whereas specific activity is the number of units per milligram of protein (units mg-1). 

The term active has historically been used to define protovitamins (dimers) that resulted in material biologically active with respect to humans when cleaved (in this case Vitamin AQ It is only infrequently that an author will introduce a caveat that some protovitamin A material can be considered active because it results in Vitamin A2. There has been virtually no previous literature regarding Vitamin A3. In this work, a protovitamin can be cleaved to form any one of the three types of Vitamin A. Many are dimers that can be cleaved to form two monomers of Vitamin A. The resulting monomers need not be the same type of Vitamin A. When discussing the term active in this work, it is more closely aligned to the phylum and order of the animal than to the chemical formula of the compound. 

The term active mass of a reactant is the molecular concentration, i.e., the number of gram moles per unit volume. It is expressed by enclosing the formula of the substance within two square brackets, e.g., [H2], [HI] etc. 

The term activity-based protein profiling implies mechanism-based probe/ target reactivity. Photoaffinity labelling approaches represent a complementary technique to mechanism based APBB probes. The use of these photoreactive affinity-based protein profiling probes in proteomic studies are reviewed by Overkleeft et al. 

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