The symmetry of elementary times

There was no correspondence between the auditory and visual elementary times investigated by the scattering plot with ET(aNNr) and ET(vNNr) as the variable of the x-axis respectively the y-axis. Some subjects showed a striking symmetry all elementary times had the same value. 

The auditory elementary times of the right-handed tasks and the elementary times of the left-handed tasks showed a high correspondence in the scattering plot, their visual counterparts showed a weak correspondence which has to be confirmed. 

23 of the 30 heahlthy subjects have repeated all eight tasks.If one displays the linEN of each task within a figure, one can compare the linEN of the first series with the linEN of the second series. Principally there are the following possible changes seen in the linEN of two series  

The increase and the decrease of all linEN shall be visualized in the two subjects H01XandH09X  

If one compares the length of the linear visual pathway of the first series A with that of the second series B, one gets the subsequent figure (the length of the linear auditory pathways is treated in Part IV). 

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The strong correspondence between the two auditory elementary times supports the notions that either the two hemispheres work together when performing these tasks or that one hemisphere performs these tasks alone. This observation cannot be made in visual tasks in the same way, here the hemispheres may perform the tasks for themselves. The uncoupling between the auditory and visual elementary times suggests that there is no cooperation between these two pathways at all. The symmetry of elementary times between different mental pathways may vary ... 

The symmetry of elementary times in patients with schizophrenia... 

The initial chapters presents the convergence tables of the FPM results for each of the healthy subjects, and the collection of equations for this control group. Then, the statistics of these equations is presented with the symmetries of elementary times and pathways, the implicit learning axiom and variations of the searching process like double search and triple search. 

This conclusion opens up the intriguing possibility that all of science can be reduced to a single fundamental concept. The philosophy of reductionism makes exactly this assumption. It implies that the facts of biology can be reduced to the properties of chemical molecules, which in turn reduce to the atoms of physics, the nuclei of nuclear physics, to elementary particles and eventually to the symmetry of space-time or the vacuum. 

There are the following possible symmetries of elementary times between the different mental pathways. 

The next chapter is about the attributes of elementary times. They show a remarkable intraindividual stability at different times and a high symmetry between the two hemispheres. Some of the subjects have been asked to repeat the tasks some days later. These repetitions replicate the elementary times of a subject but not the number of elementary times, which are necessary to perform a single trial of the task. These changes are due to implicit learning. 

After the discovery of the combined charge and space symmetry violation, or CP violation, in the decay of neutral mesons [2], the search for the EDMs of elementary particles has become one of the fundamental problems in physics. A permanent EDM is induced by the super-weak interactions that violate both space inversion symmetry and time reversal invariance [11], Considerable experimental efforts have been invested in probing for atomic EDMs (da) induced by EDMs of the proton, neutron, and electron, and by the P,T-odd interactions between them. The best available limit for the electron EDM, de, was obtained from atomic T1 experiments [12], which established an upper limit of de < 1.6 x 10 27e-cm. The benchmark upper limit on a nuclear EDM is obtained from the atomic EDM experiment on Iyt,Hg [13] as d ig < 2.1 x 10 2 e-cm, from which the best restriction on the proton EDM, dp < 5.4 x 10 24e-cm, was also obtained by Dmitriev and Senkov [14]. The previous upper limit on the proton EDM was estimated from the molecular T1F experiments by Hinds and co-workers [15]. 

D. Bohm, M. Flato, F. Halbwachs, P. Hillion, and J. P. Vigier, On the space-time character of internal symmetries of elementary particles, Nuovo Cimento, Ser X 36, (1965). 

A local thermodynamic state is determined as elementary volumes at individual points for a nonequilibrium system. These volumes are small such that the substance in them can be treated as homogeneous and contain a sufficient number of molecules for the phenomenological laws to be apphcable. This local state shows microscopic reversibility that is the symmetry of all mechanical equations of motion of individual particles with respect to time. In the case of microscopic reversibility for a chemical system, when there are two alternative paths for a simple reversible reaction, and one of these paths is preferred for the backward reaction, the same path must also be preferred for the forward reaction. Onsager s derivation of the reciprocal rules is based on the assumption of microscopic reversibility. 

The weak interactions that cause atomic PNC violate not only the symmetry of parity, P, but also the symmetry of charge conjugation, C. However, the product of these, CP, is conserved. Because any quantum field theory conserves CPT, where T is time reversal this is equivalent to saying that T is conserved. However, even this symmetry is known to be violated. To date, this incompletely understood phenomenon has been seen in only two systems, the neutral kaon system, and, quite recently, the neutral B meson system. However, as noted already in the 1950 s by Ramsey and Purcell [62], an elementary particle possessing an intrinsic electric dipole moment also violates T invariance, so that detection of such a moment would be a third way of seeing T noninvariance. 

The asymmetry of auditory elementary times and the symmetry of visual elementary times are an exciting proof to the involvement of auditory pathways in the symptoms of schizophrenia (auditory hallucinations are more frequent than visual hallucinations in schizophrenia). If one looks into the equations of these patients, one sees that the tasks with increased elementary times are not the tasks with prolonged linear and cyclical pathways. This lack of correlation is confirmed by the above figure. Why do the tasks show either an increased elementary time or a prolonged linear pathway Because these two facts exclude each other either the pathway is slowed down or it is interrupted. The slowing down can be seen as the preliminary stage of the interruption. 

We recall, from elementary classical mechanics, that symmetry properties of the Lagrangian (or Hamiltonian) generally imply the existence of conserved quantities. If the Lagrangian is invariant under time displacement, for example, then the energy is conserved similarly, translation invariance implies momentum conservation. More generally, Noether s Theorem states that for each continuous N-dimensional group of transformations that commutes with the dynamics, there exist N conserved quantities. 

Envisioning space-time as a four-dimensional CA lattice, wherein sites take on one of a finite number of values and interact via a local dynamics, Minsky explored various elementary properties of this universe particle (or packet ) size and speed, time contraction, symmetry, and how the notion of field might be made palatable within such a framework. 

On the other hand, the permanent EDM of an elementary particle vanishes when the discrete symmetries of space inversion (P) and time reversal (T) are both violated. This naturally makes the EDM small in fundamental particles of ordinary matter. For instance, in the standard model (SM) of elementary particle physics, the expected value of the electron EDM de is less than 10 38 e.cm [7] (which is effectively zero), where e is the charge of the electron. Some popular extensions of the SM, on the other hand, predict the value of the electron EDM in the range 10 26-10-28 e.cm. (see Ref. 8 for further details). The search for a nonzero electron EDM is therefore a search for physics beyond the SM and particularly it is a search for T violation. This is, at present, an important and active held of research because the prospects of discovering new physics seems possible. 

Time reversal invariance describes the fact that in reactions between elementary particles, it does not make any difference if the direction of the time coordinate is reversed. Since all reactions are invariant to simultaneous application of mirror inversion, charge conjugation, and time reversal, the combination of all three is called CPT symmetry and is considered to be a very fundamental symmetry of nature. 

A relatively recent type of space-time symmetry has been introduced to explain the results of certain high-cncrgy scattering experiments. This is scale symmetry and it pertains to the rescaling or dilation of the space-time coordinates of a system without changing the physics of the system. Other symmetries, such as chirality, are more of an abstract nature, but aid the theorist in an effort to bring order into the vast array of possible elementary particle reactions. 

According to the accepted model it can be supposed that diffusion of elementary vacancies with diffusion coefficient Dv occurs. Then rv(r,r) would be a solution of the diffusion equation and in the case of cylindrical symmetry rv(r,f) depends only on the axial co-ordinate r and on t. The film periphery is in equilibrium with the bulk phase and close to it Tv(r,f) does not depend on time. It is also supposed that at the moment of film formation (t = 0) the concentration of vacancies is constant in the whole film. This yields... 

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