The preliminary experiments

In studies of the kinetics and mechanisms of electrochemical reactions it is important to know, at least approximately, the oxidation or reduction potential of the substrate and 

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The following alternative procedure is sometimes useful. Heat the amine with the theoretical quantity of benzoyl chloride (if the molecular weight is unknown, use an equal weight of benzoyl chloride in the preliminary experiment) to 100° for 20-30 minutes. Allow to cool, add excess of 5 per cent, sodium hydroxide solution and shake, if necessary,... 

Benzanilide and similar compounds are very slowly hydrolysed by concentrated hydrochloric acid hydrolysis is quite rapid with 60-70 per cent, sulphuric acid (for experimental details, see Section IV,52). In the preliminary experiment boil 0 5-1 Og. of the compound with 10-20 ml. of dilute sulphuric acid (1 1 by volume) imder reflux for 20-30 minutes. Dilute with 10ml.of water and filteroflfanyacid which may be precipitated if the carboxyhc acid is hquid and volatile, distil it directly from the reaction mixture. Render the residue alkaline and isolate the base as above. 

The initial rates of CO oxidation were determined on the samples treated in different ways. The reactivity of the samples investigated in the preliminary experiments decreases in the sequence of Au/FeO c/SiO (/Si(l 0 0) > FeO / SiO,/Si(10 0)>Au/Si02/Si(100)>Si(100). The Au/ Fe0 c/Si02/Si(l 0 0) catalyst has the highest initial activity. The results along with XPS and TEM data demonstrate that the interaction of gold nanoparticles and iron oxide tends to stabilize the metal character of gold and due to this stabilization, the Au/FeO catalyst has enhanced activity in the CO oxidation. 

It is clear that the calibration of a calorimeter and the preliminary experiments which have been described are operations of paramount importance. In the case of the apparatus that we use, they have shown that corrections are often not necessary, and that the area of the thermogram is in many cases directly proportional to the amount of heat evolved during a adsorption phenomenon, provided that the gas pressure is maintained below 2 Torr. It may not be so with all adsorption calorimeters, especially if a large sensitivity is needed or if the symmetry of the twin system is not perfect. However, the calibration tests and preliminary experiments which have been described can be used to determine eventually the necessary corrections. Moreover, it should not be forgotten that the... 

The sampling time of the preliminary experiments was arbitrarily fixed at 40 min. This time was sufficiently long to permit the diterpenes to be trapped. Four extraction temperatures were tested 20°C, 40°C, 60°C and 80°C. The SPME fibre was the commonly used 100 pm PDMS. Results obtained for three classes of terpenes are presented in Figure 10.4. 

As in the preliminary experiment, root tips were collected after 5-7 days, subjected to the Feulgen staining procedure as described above, then prepared adequately as permanent slides, and finally subjected to microscope observation. For each treatment, fifteen root tips (5x3 replicates) were prepared and 30,000 cells (2,000 cells per root tip) were examined in the case of MH, and 150 metaphases (5x3 replicates) were examined in the case of COL. 

Since in some of the preliminary experiments no rhodium losses could be detected, it is assumed that in an optimised continuous process the metal leaching will be in the range of the biphasic Ruhrchemie/Rhone-Poulenc process operating around 1 ppb. This would result in a loss of rhodium of 0.1 kg per year which is approximately 0.7 % in the case of the biphasic ionic liquid process and 0.2 % in the case of the SILP process. The inventory of the ionic liquid is slightly lower in the case of the liquid-liquid... 

The experience from the preliminary experiment on washing demonstrates that this is effective in reducing GNB to very low levels both on the gross botanical trash entrained in raw cotton as well as on the lint itself. Washing, as opposed to the mechan-nical removal of trash by extensive air cleaning operations, appears to offer a better means of lowering the levels of GNB found on both the trash and lint fractions of raw cotton. 

The steps were initially followed in order to optimize the conditions. In the preliminary experiments, the conversions to amidoximes (first step) were complete within 6 min at 150°C. The second step, cyclization to the final product, was finished after 10 min at 200°C and 7.5-9.0 bar. The stream of the intermediate amidoxime needed to be cooled before the reaction with the acid chloride, and this is achieved by introducing a cooling loop at 0°C. 

In the spring of 1981, 20 six-year-old willows of average height 5.6 0.1 (S.E.)m and volume 7.5 i 1.0 m were selected from the same stand used in the preliminary experiment in 1979. 

The preliminary experiments indicated the importance of this discovery. It was found, for instance, than even 800 g of blasting gelatine fitted with a sheath of sodium chloride or sodium fluoride weighing as much as the explosive itself failed to ignite methane or coal-dust. On the other hand 100 g of blasting gelatine, without an inert sheath, was enough to cause explosion of methane or coal-dust. 

In the preliminary experiments dehydration of benzamide was first investigated without using any solvent. The reaction was carried out using 40% w/w sulphated zirconia in molten benzamide at... 

The tastes of the five kinds of tomatoes were predicted by comparing the output electrical potential patterns for tomatoes with the results of the preliminary experiment. 

Ocular iontophoresis has been very poorly evaluated with in vitro models, in comparison to the work that has been done in the transdermal iontophoretic field. This general lack of a strong theoretical foundation for the practice of ocular iontophoresis has led to many useless animal experiments with no beneficial results due to drug or current unsuitability. Most of the preliminary experiments for optimization of the iontophoretic system were performed on animals. 

This research has been carried on with the cooperation of Prof. A. A. Noyes and with the aid of a grant made to him by the Carnegie Institution of Washington. The preliminary experiments were made jointly with Dr. Louis Weisberg, and the final measurements with Mr. Frank W. Hall. For all this assistance I wish to express my great indebtedness. 

Dispersion and correlation analyses are used to process the data obtained in the preliminary experiments. The goal of these statistical analyses is to have qualitative or quantitative answers to points 2 and 3 mentioned above. Finally, when all the statistical data have been collected, a correlation and regression analysis will be used to obtain the inter-dependence relationships between the dependent and the independent variables of the process (see relation (5.1)). 

The preliminary experiments show that the pyrolysis front moves up the velocity of the front dep>ends on the char reduction zone temperature. In order to achieve stability, this temperature should be as high as possible. The air distribution can be altered so the air supplied is more efficiently use for heat production. The amount of char removed also affects the stability of the process. 

Based on the preliminary experiments, the gasifier produces about 12 NmVh of product gas. This gas has a calorific value of approx. 5 MJ/Nm and contains approx. 20 %vol. CO and 20 %vol. H2. 

The preliminary experiments on preparation of materials containing substantial amounts of tin show (Table 3) that it is possible to obtain crystalline structures (mostly unknown) that indicate considerable adsorption capacities. The adsorption properties can result fi om porous structure... 

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