The Nomenclature of Alkanes

Draw the structure and give the systematic name of a compound with molecular formula C5H12 that has 

Draw the structures and name the four constitutional isomers with molecular formula C4H9Br. 

Which of the following statements can be used to prove that carbon is tetrahedral  

The systematic name of an alkane is obtained using the following rules  

Determine the number of carbons in the longest continuous carbon chain. This chain is called the parent hydrocarbon. The name that indicates the number of carbons in the parent hydrocarbon becomes the alkane s last name. For example, a parent hydrocarbon with eight carbons would be called octane. The longest continuous chain is not always in a straight line sometimes you have to turn a comer to obtain the longest continuous chain. 

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In the nomenclature of alkanes, we started to number the carbon atoms starting from the end nearest to the substituent. Note that when we are numbering the carbon atoms in alkenes, the double bond is more important. 

The nomenclature of alkanes and all other organic compounds is based on the recommendations of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC). The first four alkanes (methane, ethane, propane, and butane) have nonsystematic names. As Table 24.1 shows, the number of carbon atoms is reflected in the Greek prefixes for the alkanes containing five to ten carbons. We now apply the lUPAC rules to the following examples ... 

As in the nomenclature of alkanes, many groups derived from alkenes have common names. Three of the most often encountered are the vinyl, allyl, and isopropenyl groups. 

There can be many more carbon units in a chain than are shown in Table 21-1, but those are enough to allow us to study a little alkane nomenclature, the naming of alkanes. 

The nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes is very similar to that of the alkanes with two major differences. (1) The longest carbon chain must contain the double or triple bond and number the chain from the end closest to the double/triple bond. A number indicates the position of the double/triple bond. 

The nomenclature of the alcohols is an extension of the rules for the naming of other organic compounds. The general changes in the rules for alkanes are... 

The nomenclature of cycloalkanes is almost the same as that for alkanes, with the exception that the prefix cyclo- is to be added to the name of the alkane. When a substituent is present on the ring, the name of the substituent is added as a prefix to the name of the cycloalkane. No number is required for rings with only one substituent. 

In this chapter, we consolidate the nomenclature of a number of classes of compounds —an undertaking that may not seem very logical to someone who will soon be troubled enough with the chemistry of these compounds let alone their names. We recommend, however, a thorough study now of alkane and haloalkane nomenclature (Section 3-1) followed by a more cursory examination of the rest of the chapter. Then, as unfamiliar names arise, you can quickly review the basic rules for alkanes and proceed to the new class you have encountered. The idea is to have many of the important rules in one place. Nomenclature rules for other types of compounds are given in Chapter 7. 

The simplist organic compounds are branched or unbranched chains of C atoms to which H atoms have become attached and in which each C atom is bound to four other atoms. This family is called alkanes and the names of the unbranched compounds serve as a basis for the nomenclature of other organic chain compounds. 

The nomenclature of alkenes and alkynes follows the same rules as alkanes, except the double or triple bond must be numbered. The multiple bond is numbered on the first number to which it is assigned. Also, because double bonds have a rigid configuration, they can exhibit a cis or trans isomerism. A cis structure is one with substituents on the same side of the double bond, and the trans is one with the substituents are on opposite sides of the double bond. 

A similar methodology has already been employed to characterise catalysts with several adsorbates (i.e., H2, alkanes, etc.), but not to determine the so-called active surface area of different carbon materials. The three methods presented in this work evaluate the total active surface area. No distinction is made, at this point, between reactive surface area (RSA) and stable oxygen complexes [8]. The nomenclature of ASA instead of TASA will be used for simplification. The ASA values (m g ) were calculated using the equation first proposed by Laine et al. [9]. 

Alkanes, the simplest hydrocarbons, are found in ail shapes and sizes and occur widely in nature. They are the major constituents of petroleum, a complex mixture of compounds that includes hydrocarbons such as hexane and decane. Petroleum is refined to produce gasoline, diesel fuel, home heating oil, and a myriad of other useful compounds. In Chapter 4, we learn about the properties of alkanes, how to name them (nomenclature), and oxidation—one of their important reactions. 

Tire systematic lUPAC nomenclature for carboxylic acids requires the longest carbon chain of the molecule to be identified and the -e of alkane name to be replaced with -oic acid. 

We ll begin the chapter with a brief survey of various kinds of hydrocarbons— compounds that contain only carbon and hydrogen—introduce some functional groups, then return to hydrocarbons to discuss alkanes in some detail. The names of alkanes may seem strange at first, but they form the foundation for the most widely accepted system of organic nomenclature. The fundamentals of this nomenclature system, the lUPAC rules, constitute one of the main topics of this chapter. 

The nomenclature of FA reflects the long history of their smdy and description. Most FA were originally described under trivial names prior to the adoption of the international molecular nomenclature rules in 1892 (Table 3.1). Even after adopting the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (lUPAC) system for nomenclature (lUPAC-IUB, 1977), the habit of assigning trivial names to FA continues. The basis of the systematic nomenclature system is an extension of that accepted for hydrocarbon (alkane/alkene) naming. Hence, the descriptive name is based on the number of carbon atoms contained in the molecule, with the suffix -e replaced with -oic acid. However, in most instances, FA are referred to by their formula notations. As is the case with systematic and trivial names, there exists an lUPAC accepted formula notation nomenclature and several earher versions (Table 3.2). Each system... 

As can be seen in the preceding equation, the nomenclature of diols is similar to that of alcohols. The suffix -diol replaces -oU and two locants, one for each hydroxyl group, are required. Note that the final -e of the parent alkane name is retained when the suffix begins with a consonant (-diol)y but dropped when the suffix begins with a vowel (-0I). 

Systematically naming all the various types of organic compounds would probably take another book, lUPAC Nomenclature For Dummies. Here, I just show you the rules for naming simple alkanes (even the naming of alkanes can get complicated, so it s important to use the KISS Rule — Keep It Simple, Silly) ... 

The naming of alkanes and cycloalkanes in Sections 3.3 and 3.4 illustrates the application of the lUPAC system of nomenclature to these two specific classes of organic compounds. Now let us describe the general approach of the lUPAC system. The name we give to any compound with a chain of carbon atoms consists of three parts a prefix, an infix (a modifying element inserted into a word), and a suffix. Each part provides specific information about the structural formula of the compound. 

The Structure of Alkanes Constitutional Isomerism in Alkanes Nomenclature of Alkanes and the lUPAC System Cycloalkanes... 

The systematization for the nomenclature of acyclic alkanes (lUPAC) has the following rules ... 

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