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The Ligands

When carbon disulfide reacts with either aliphatic or aromatic, primary or secondary amines, dithiocarbamate salts are formed (8, 9). The following is an example. [Pg.212]

By using an alkali-metal hydroxide in situ as a proton acceptor, the alkali-metal dithiocarbamate salts, having various degrees of hydration, may be obtained 17). [Pg.212]

Due to instability in air, very few free dithiocarbamic acids have been isolated (18). Dithiocarbamates derived from primary amines are [Pg.212]

The name xanthate, derived from the Greek xanthos (meaning blond), was coined by Zeiss in 1815, because the copper complexes that he isolated had a characteristic yellow color (22). Xanthates are formed by nucleophilic addition of an alkoxide ion to carbon disulfide. [Pg.214]

Many alkali-metal xanthates are formed by direct xanthation of alcohols (23), but their chemistry is still vague. Acidification of the alkali-metal salts produces the unstable xanthic acids (24). [Pg.214]


Fe /Fe couple, following the change in the ligand-ion distance as the critical reaction variable during the transfer process. [Pg.604]

In our simple model, the expression in A2.4.135 corresponds to the activation energy for a redox process in which only the interaction between the central ion and the ligands in the primary solvation shell is considered, and this only in the fonn of the totally synnnetrical vibration. In reality, the rate of the electron transfer reaction is also infiuenced by the motion of molecules in the outer solvation shell, as well as by other... [Pg.605]

Photoelectron spectra of cluster ions yields cluster-bond strengdis, because each added ligand increases the bindmg energy of the extra electron in the negative ion by the amount of the ligand bond strength (provided the bond is electrostatic and does not appreciably affect the cln-omophore ion) [116]. [Pg.814]

Extraction of a ligand from the binding pocket of a protein. The force (represented by an arrow) applied to the ligand (shown in van der Waals spheres) leads to its dissociation from the binding pocket of the protein (a slice of the protein represented as a molecular surface is shown). [Pg.40]

Besides yielding qualitative information, these biologically and pharmaceutically motivated applications of SMD can also yield quantitative information about the binding potential of the ligand-receptor complex. A first advance in the reconstruction of the thermodynamic potential from SMD data by discounting irreversible work was made by Balsera et al. (1997) as outlined in Sect. Reconstruction of the potential of mean force below. [Pg.41]

We assume in the following that the ligand is bound in a binding pocket of depth 6 —a = 7 A involving a potential barrier AU = 25 kcal/mol, similar to that of streptavidin (Chilcotti et al., 1995). We also assume that the diffusion coefficient of the ligand is similar to the diffusion coefficient of the heme group in myoglobin (Z) = 1 A /ns) as determined from Mofibauer spectra (Nadler and Schulten, 1984). [Pg.56]

To unbind from a protein the ligand has to move from a, the minimum of the potential U x), to 6, the maximum of U x). The mean first passage time t F) of such motion is (Izrailev et ah, 1997)... [Pg.56]

This result reflects the Kramers relation (Gardiner, 1985). A millisecond time of unbinding, i.e.. Tact 1 ms, corresponds in this case to a rupture force of 155 pN. For such a force the potential barrier AU is not abolished completely in fact, a residual barrier of 9 kcal/mol is left for the ligand to overcome. The AFM experiments with an unbinding time of 1 ms are apparently functioning in the thermally activated regime. [Pg.56]

In this regime the applied force completely overwhelms the binding potential and the ligand is subject to free diffusion. The mean free passage time in this regime is equal to Td and is on the order of 25 ns. [Pg.56]

This regime involves forces which are so strong that the ligand undergoes a drift motion governed by (3) in the limit that the fluctuating force aN t) is negligible compared to the applied force. In this case a force of about 800 pN would lead to rupture within 500 ps. [Pg.57]

Fig. 4. Typical AFM rupture experiment (top) Receptor molecules are fixed via linker molecules to a surface (left) in the same way, ligand molecules are connected to the AFM cantilever (right). When pulling the cantilever towards the right, the pulling force applied to the ligand can be measured. At the point of rupture of t he ligand-receptor complex the measured force abruptly drops to zero so that the rupture force can be measured. Fig. 4. Typical AFM rupture experiment (top) Receptor molecules are fixed via linker molecules to a surface (left) in the same way, ligand molecules are connected to the AFM cantilever (right). When pulling the cantilever towards the right, the pulling force applied to the ligand can be measured. At the point of rupture of t he ligand-receptor complex the measured force abruptly drops to zero so that the rupture force can be measured.
To enable an atomic interpretation of the AFM experiments, we have developed a molecular dynamics technique to simulate these experiments [49], Prom such force simulations rupture models at atomic resolution were derived and checked by comparisons of the computed rupture forces with the experimental ones. In order to facilitate such checks, the simulations have been set up to resemble the AFM experiment in as many details as possible (Fig. 4, bottom) the protein-ligand complex was simulated in atomic detail starting from the crystal structure, water solvent was included within the simulation system to account for solvation effects, the protein was held in place by keeping its center of mass fixed (so that internal motions were not hindered), the cantilever was simulated by use of a harmonic spring potential and, finally, the simulated cantilever was connected to the particular atom of the ligand, to which in the AFM experiment the linker molecule was connected. [Pg.86]


See other pages where The Ligands is mentioned: [Pg.17]    [Pg.117]    [Pg.225]    [Pg.327]    [Pg.352]    [Pg.51]    [Pg.604]    [Pg.604]    [Pg.604]    [Pg.815]    [Pg.1854]    [Pg.1856]    [Pg.2703]    [Pg.2824]    [Pg.2835]    [Pg.2837]    [Pg.2837]    [Pg.376]    [Pg.44]    [Pg.46]    [Pg.363]    [Pg.364]    [Pg.421]    [Pg.41]    [Pg.41]    [Pg.42]    [Pg.42]    [Pg.43]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.48]    [Pg.51]    [Pg.52]    [Pg.55]    [Pg.55]    [Pg.57]    [Pg.58]    [Pg.60]    [Pg.85]    [Pg.87]   


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A quantum insight into the study of enzyme-ligand interactions

Absorption of Ligands from the Gastrointestinal Tract

All ligands receive a separate subject entry, e.g., 2,4-Pentanedione, iron complex. The headings

Assembling the ligand

Associative Ligand Substitution Reactions and the Berry Rearrangement

BISBI ligands and the natural bite angle

Between the Cations and Various Types of Ligands

Bonding Types for the Dioxygen Ligand

Changing the (-Band Center Ligand Effects

Characterisation of the Mixed Ligand Complexes

Characterization of the Receptor-Ligand Interaction

Chinchona Alkaloid Ligands for the Sharpless AD Reaction

Chiral phosphine-phosphite ligands containing a stereocenter in the backbone

Complexes of the B7C2H92- Ligand

Compounds of the Pentamethylcyclopentadienyl Ligand (CsMes Cp)

Coordination Modes for the Hydride Ligand

Coupling of a Ligand to the Support Matrix

Cyclic Ligands and the Template Effect

Distribution of Complexes and Ligands in the Solution

Docking the ligand

Effect of the Br Substituents on Axial Ligand Binding

Effects on the Types of Ligand Bound

Electronic Properties of the Porphyrin Ligands

Electrophilic Attack on the Ligands

Engineering the Ligand Selectively of Ion Channels

Equilibria involving the addition of a gaseous ligand

Experimental Approaches to Determine the Thermodynamics of Protein-Ligand Interactions

Factors affecting the stabilities of complexes containing only monodentate ligands

Factors that affect the stability of metal-ligand interactions

Formula of the ligand, e.g., NC for Cyano complexes

Function of the Ligand

Heteronuclear Clusters in Which No Ligands Are Attached to the Group IB Metals

Homo and Heterodimer Ligands the Twin Drug Approach

Hydrogen Exchange Mass Spectrometry for the Analysis of Ligand Binding and Protein Aggregation

Interaction between the ligand and receptor

Interaction of ancillary ligand with fluorescent metal complexes within the MIP

Interelectronic Repulsion and Ligand Field Splitting When There Is Ambiguity in the d-Electron Configuration

Interlocked macrocyclic ligands - the catenands

Intermolecular transfer of the alkyl ligands

Introduction of the Ligands as Bridging Units

Investigating the X-type Ligand

Ligand Binding, Activation and Corepression of the RXR-Heterodimers

Ligand Correlation Mediated by the Solvent

Ligand Effects on the Rate

Ligand Fields, Bonding and the Valence Shell

Ligand The Outer-Shell Reorganization Energy

Ligand at the active site

Ligand design in the enantioselective polymerization of racemic lactide

Ligand effects in adsorption - changing the d band center

Ligand types - The Concept of Hard and Soft

Ligand-based Combinatorial Design The RADDAR Approach

Metallomesogens Where the Metal and Ligands Generate Helical Chirality

Nucleophilic Addition to the Ligand

Nucleophilic Attack at the Ligands

Nucleophilic Attack on the Ligands

Organic and inorganic ligands in the

Oxidation of the porphyrin ligand

Phosphorus and the Heavier Group V Donor Ligands

Photolysis of the receptor-ligand complex

Polarisation of the Ligand

Polymeric Ligand Probes of the Combining Region How Large Is It

Polymers Assembled by Dithioether and Polythioether Ligands Bearing Heteroelements in the Spacer Unit

Predictions of HLA Class II-Ligands and T-Cell Epitopes by the Algorithm, Actipat

Preparation of Olefin Complexes from Hydrocarbon Ligands Coordinated to the Metal

Preparation of the bisphosphinite ligand

Promotion of Reaction within the Metal-Bound Ligand

Quenching of the fluorescence from metal ligand complexes

Reactions at the Coordinated Ligand

Reactivity of the Arene Ligand

Reactivity of the Carbyne Ligand

Reduction of the porphyrin ligand

Role of the Axial Ligand in Catalysis

Rotations about the Metal-Ligand Bond

SEIRA of the Ligand Azabipiridyl and Its Complexes

Scoring the ligand

Sialic Acid The Viral Cell-Surface Receptor Ligand

Some New Insights into the Steric Effects of Tertiary Phosphine Ligands via Data Mining

Statistical Considerations in the Validation of Ligand-Binding Assays

Stereoinduction from chiral ligands on the enolate metal

Structure-Function Relationships for the Ligands

Structure-Function Relationships with the Ligand

Substitution of Ligands at the Transition Metal

Symmetry of the ligand environment

Synthesis of the BINAP Ligand

Synthesis of the Diphosphane Ligands

Synthesis of the Ligands

Tailoring the Ligand Shell

The Acidity of Coordinated Ligands

The Bridging Ligand

The Bridging Ligand in Inner-Sphere Redox Reactions

The Carbaborane Group as a Spectator Ligand

The Carbohydrate Ligands

The Carbonyl Ligand

The Chemokine Supergene Families of Ligands and Receptors

The Daniphos Ligands Synthesis and Catalytic Applications

The Diazene Ligand

The Diazenido Ligand

The Dioxygen Ligand

The Effect of Bound Ligands

The GeneSwitch (Inovio Biomedical) System for Ligand-Dependent Transgene Expression

The Immobilized Ligand

The Interchange of Different Unidentate Ligands

The Intersection of Ligandability and Human Disease Target Space

The Ions in a Ligand Field

The Kinetics of Replacement Involving Unidentate Ligands

The Ligand Close-Packing (LCP) Model

The Ligand Close-Packing Model

The Ligand Effect

The Ligand Field

The Ligand Field Hamiltonian

The Ligand Polyhedron

The Ligand-free Heck Reaction

The Mechanism, Catalysts, and Ligands

The Metal-Ligand Bond

The Metal-Ligand Interaction

The Modification of Ligand Reactivity by Complex Formation

The NH3, CO, H, and NO ligands

The Phosphorus Ligands and Selectivity

The Primitive Ligand Field Parameterization

The Relationship between Ligand Concentration and Receptor Occupancy

The Role of Alkene and Anionic Ligands

The Role of Ligand-dependent Transcriptional Regulators

The Role of Redox Processes in Reactions Catalyzed by Nickel and Palladium Complexes with Anionic Pincer Ligands

The Spin Hamiltonian and Ligand-Field Theory

The System with Ligands

The azide ligand

The bonding of 1-electron ligands to transition metals

The bonding of 4-eIectron ligands to transition metals

The bonding of one-electron ligands to transition metals

The cyanide ligand

The dinitrogen ligand

The isocyanide ligand

The ligand polyhedral model

The mechanism of ligand replacements

The other Bisphosphine Ligands for Enantioselective Alkene Hydrogenation

The role of ir-bonding ligands

The use of co-ligands

Trans Influence of the Hydride Ligand

Triphenylphosphine as the ligand

Two Identical Sites on a Polymer Direct Interaction between the Ligands

Two Sites with Conformational Changes Induced by the Ligands Indirect Correlations

Types of Ligands and the Spectrochemical Series

Weak Versus Low Affinity The Importance of Ligand Efficiency

Where the Equilibrium Concentration of Ligand Not Known

Where the Equilibrium Concentration of Ligand is Known

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