Foraminiferal shell

Delaney, M. and Boyle, E.A. (1986) Lithium in foraminiferal shells Implications for high-temperature hydrothermal circulation fluxes and oceanic crustal generation rates. Earth Planet. Sci. Lett., 80, 91-105. 

In this section, Ishikawa (1996), and Kashiwagi et al. (2000) studies are described. Then, their calculated results are given, emphasizing the influence of hydrothermal and volcanic gas CO2 flux from back arc basins and island arc on CO2 concentration of atmosphere and climate change and are compared with the changes in CO2 and temperature obtained by analytical and paleontological data (S 0 of foraminiferal shell, Ce anomaly, 5 C, etc.). 

Rosenthal Y., Boyle E. A., and Slowey N. (1997) Temperature control on the incorporation of Mg, Sr, F, and Cd into benthic foraminiferal shells from Little Bahama Bank prospects for thermocline paleoceanography. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 61(17), 3633—3643. 

Rickaby R. E. M., Greaves M. J., and Elderfield H. (2000) Cd in planktonic and benthic foraminiferal shells determined by thermal ionisation mass spectrometry. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 64, 1229-1236. 

McCorkle D. C., Martin P. A., Lea D. W., and Klinkhammer G. P. (1995) Evidence of a dissolution effect on benthic foraminiferal shell chemistry delta C-13, Cd/Ca, Ba/Ca, and Sr/Ca results from the Ontong Java Plateau. Paleoceano-graphy 10(4), 699-714. 

Bentov, S. Erez, j. 2006. Impact of biominerafization process on the Mg content of foraminiferal shells a biological perspective. Geochemistry, Geophysics,... 

Fig. 2. Schematic of life processes. Photosynthesis, respiration, and calcification perturb the chemical and isotopic microenvironment of the organism. The distance to the centre of the shell is denoted by r, while Ri and R2 refer to the radius of the foraminiferal shell and edge of symbiont halo, respectively. Dissolved inorganic carbon depleted in is taken up during photosynthesis, while C-depleted CO2 is released during respiration (after Wolf-Gladrow et al. 1999 Zeebe et al. 1999).

Barker, S., Kiefer, T. Elderfield, H. 2004. Temporal changes in North Atlantic circulation constrained by planktonic foraminiferal shell weights. Paleocea-nography, 19(PA3008), doi 10.1029/2004PA001004. 

Buma, J., Honisch, B. Zeebe, R. 2002. Impact of the oceanic carbonate chemistry on living foraminiferal shell weight Comment on Carbonate ion concentration in glacial-age deep waters of the Caribbean Sea by W. S. Broecker and E. Clark. Geochemistry, Geophysics, Geosystems, 3, doi 10.1029/ 2002GC000388. 

The saturation state of the ambient water with respect to carbonate may also influence the isotopic signal recorded in the benthic foraminiferal shell. 

However, differences between paired foraminiferal shell chemistry records demonstrate that our understanding of these proxies remains incomplete (e.g. Boyle 1992 Rosenthal et al. 1995 Boyle Rosenthal 1996). Field calibration studies have revealed potential artifacts that can complicate proxy interpretations (McCorkle et al. 1990 Mackensen et al. 1993 McCorkle et al. 1995), and staining studies have documented the microhabitats (i.e. epibenthic (at the sediment-water interface) and endobenthic (within the sediments)) occupied by different benthic foraminiferal species (Corliss 1985 Mackensen Douglas 1989 Corliss Emerson 1990). Staining methods have been used both to focus palaeochemical calibration efforts on live (or recently live) specimens, and to use species microhabitat preferences... 

Consistent interspecies differences in foraminiferal 8 C and 8 0 values were observed in comparisons of B. aculeata and R. vilardeboana from the same culture chambers. Since the experiments were designed to minimize the possible influence of microhabitats on shell chemistry, these isotopic differences demonstrate the existence of species-specific, non-environmental vital effects on benthic foraminiferal shell chemistry. 

Seasonal dynamics of coastal water masses in a Scottish fjord and their potential influence on benthic foraminiferal shell geochemistry... 

During the past 15 years, attention has focused on the impact on foraminiferal ecology of organic matter fluxes to the seafloor. The abundance of dead foraminiferal shells >150 pm in size correlates well with flux values. There is also compelling evidence that the distributions of species and species associations are linked to flux intensity. Infaunal species, such as Melonis barleeanum, Uvigerina peregrina. 

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