The Adaptation Process

Several researchers (e.g., Ashford and Black 1996 Bauer and Green 1994 Chan and Schmitt 2000) define the initial period of employment in a job as the adaptation-process. Others have referred to it as the encounter period, and describe it as characterized by uncertainty (e.g.. Miller and Jablin 1991). During this initial 

Situational awareness involves the perception of the environment that an individual is in, the comprehension of its meaning, and the projection of the individuals status into the near future (Endsley 1995). A new employee not only faces the processes required to adapt to the job, co-workers and management, but to ensure their safety, they must also maintain situational awareness. In other words a new employee must know and understand what is going on around them while they adapt. Arguably, developing new employee adaption processes which are effective and efficient should help improve both the outcomes of the processes, and the new employee s ability to maintain situational awareness during their adaption. 

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The most characteristic property of cyclodextrinsCCD s) is their remarkable ability to form molecular inclusion compounds with various organic and inorganic species of neutral or ionic nature (1). Their growing significance in chromatography (2,3) arises from the fact, that CD complexation meets almost all the main requirements of this method set up on the adapted process. 

Our study was initiated because the mechanism of adaptation is still obscure, and much additional information is needed concerning the relationship between cholinesterase activity and the acetylcholine content of the central nervous system during the adaptation process. We also desired to investigate the possibility that adaptation might involve compensatory changes in the production or release of neural mediators, other than acetylcholine, capable of modifying the effects of high levels of the latter within the central nervous system. Norepinephrine was the first such mediator selected for study. 

It is our opinion that our measurements of total acetylcholine at the 24-hour post-injection interval have revealed an essential trend in the adaptation process. We consider it to be especially significant that the highest acetylcholine level occurred when the cholinesterase activity was 35% of the normal value, and that normal acetylcholine levels were observed after the cholinesterase activity had decreased further to 20% of the control value. 

We found no evidence that norepinephrine is involved in the adaptation process within the central nervous system since its concentration in the brain of Di-Syston-poisoned animals did not vary significantly from control levels at any time during the entire experimental period. 

The adaptation process of the residual small intestine to compensate for the resected area begins 12 to 24 hours after bowel resection. The changes in the GIT to compensate for the lost absorptive area are gradual and may continue to occur for 1 to 2 years. Factors that act as stimuli for adaptation include luminal nutrients, pancreaticobiliary secretions, and intestinal hormones. The ability of the remaining intestine to adjust after resection is also influenced by the area of bowel loss. The jejunum is the primary site for absorption of most nutrients, but if it is removed the ileum usually can accommodate and take on the structural characteristics and functional roles. Even with this compensation, patients with less than 50 to 60 cm of jejunum will typically need indefinite PN. With ileal resection, the jejunum has a decreased capacity to adapt and perform the functions of the ileum. ... 

Inherent biodegradabilty also appears to affect the adaptation process. Substrates which are easily metabolized may not exhibit an adaptive response because initial rates of degradation are sufficient. For instance, 2-chlorophenol was readily metabolized in both unexposed and preexposed groundwater microcosms (46). More recalcitrant compounds require an adaptive period. Thus, 2,4,5-trichlorophenol added to microcosms similar to those used for the 2-chlorophenol experiments was degraded rapidly after a 1-day lag in the preexposed microcosm. A 6-day lag was required in the unacclimated microcosm. Other substrates show no adaptive response, such as chlorobenzene or 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene (43). 

After 6 days with no detectable biodegradation, the PNP disappeared rapidly from the pond. A second addition of PNP was degraded rapidly and without a lag, whereas in a control pond no degradation was detected for 6 days (Figure 4). Each of the laboratory test systems that contained sediment underwent a similar adaptation period that paralleled that in the pond. Therefore, any of the laboratory systems could have been used to predict the behavior of PNP in the pond. The microbial community in the shake flask that contained pond water without sediment adapted much more slowly, which suggested that sediment plays an important part in the adaptation process. The mechanism by which sediment exerts its effect is largely unknown it could provide biomass, nutrients, or surfaces important to the adaptation process. 

The design of the plastification cylinder must be altered significantly in the adaptation process to allow the microwave energy to penetrate through the cylinder jacket from the outside and reach the product to be heated. Microwave-transparent windows must be installed on the cylinder that can withstand the heavy mechanical loads the extruder is exposed to and stiU provide for a high level of microwave... 

The adaptive approach is based on a combination of the stages of analysis, elaboration, development and implementation of systems in a unique stage, which is repeated interactively, in this process, it is needed that occurs a good interaction between the three principal components during the adaptive process of a DSS construction the system designer, the user and the system. 

Elements in the adaptation process in Resilience Engineering (Hollnagel and Woods, 2006). 

Crrotan et al (2008) identified a possible set of change elements. Other could be added, e.g. the complexity inherent in lO practices, the inherent variability and the adaptation processes (resihence) that are necessary to cope with variabiUty and surprise. 

If Kadapt is large, a new steady state will be reached almost instantaneously with no lag of the organism. If X dapt is small, the time constant for adaptation will be equal to 1/fi, that is, dilution through growth will control the adaptational process. 

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