Thai species

Kopsia profunda and Kopsia dasyrachis are sources of new dehydropleiocarpine-type alkaloids which are characterized by the presence of a double bond across the C(16)/C(17) bridge. Alkaloids of this group include kopsidasine (212) and its Moxide (213) from K. dasyrachis [158] and MO tnethoxycarbonyl-l 1,12-niethylenedioxy-A -kopsinine (214), MI)-niethoxycarbonyl-l2-methoxy-A -kopsinine (216), and /V( I )-niethoxycarbonyl-12-hydroxy-A -kopsinine (218), and the A -oxides of 214 and 216 (215 and 217, respectively) from K. profunda [159,160]. These alkaloids show the typical olefinic carbon resonances as well as the vinylic-H resonance associated with the acrylic ester moiety. A similar compound, kopsijasmine (219) has also been obtained from the Thai species, K. Jasminiflora [150]. 

Kospsidasinine (229) was first isolated from Kopsia dasyrachis collected from Sabah in Malaysian Borneo. The structure was established by a combination of spectroscopy and chemical correlation, in particular, the key observation that the Hofmann degradation product of kopsidasinine, 232, was identical with the product obtained by treatment of kopsidasine (212) with methyl iodide [158]. Only two other kopsidasinine-type alkaloid have since been reported, 12-methoxy-lO-demethoxykopsidasinine (230) from K. pauciflora [116] and 10-demethoxykopsidasinine (231) from the Thai species, K jasminiflora [161]. A distinguishing feature of these compounds is the presence of a relatively low field pair of AB doublets (5 4.0 and 3.5) due to an isolated CHCH unit corresponding to C(16)-C(17) and an unusually low field ketonic carbon resonance (5 214) due to C(21) [116,161]. 

Kopsia pauciflora also provided several new alkaloids (268 - 271) [174] possessing a pentacyclic skeleton similar to that of kopsijasminilam (272), deoxykopsijasminilam (273) and 14,15-dehydrokopsijasminilam (274) from the Thai species Kopsia Jasminiflora. The structure of272 was established by X-ray analysis [ISO]. These rare alkaloids can be considered as being derived from an aspidofractinine-type precursor by cleavage of the C(21)-C(20) bond. In pauciflorine A (268) and B (269), the double bond is located between C(19) and C(20) while in... 

The second dimeric alkaloid conophyllidine (304) is identical in all respects with conophylline except for replacement of the epoxide function at positions 14 and IS of the tabersonine epoxide unit by a double bond. Conophylline has also been subsequently isolated from the South American species, Tabernaemontana glandulosa [182], and from the Thai species, Ervatamia microphylla [183]. It has also been reported from another Malaysian species, Ervatamia polyneura, under the name polyetvine [184]. The leaf extract of Ervatamia polyneura also yielded the related dimer, polyervininc (306), which is similar to conophylline except for the aromatic portion of the vincadifformine unit which now possesses an indoline dione chromophore, existing predominantly in its zwitterionic quinoniminium form. 

Myrcene (1) as well as the stereoisomeric ocimenes (2) and (3) (J86) which were detected in more than 200 different flavors and fragrances are present in particularly high quantities in the essential oils of spice belonging to the families Compositae and Labiatae. Myrcene (1) and m -ocimene (2) were identified in basil oil (Ocimum basilicum L.) (337). The essential oil of a plant growing in Taiwan, Ocimum gratissimum L., contains, in addition to 8% of myrcene (1), up to 30% of ocimenes (2)/(3) (724). Myrcene (1) constitutes about 63% of the components of hop oils and thus accounts for about 58% of the total odor intensity of the whole oil and 85% of the odor of the hydrocarbon fraction (202). In a Thai species, locally known as horapha , (2) is... 

Some examples of nor-sesterterpenes containing cyclic peroxide, such as mycaperoxides A and B, were isolated from a Thai species of the genus Mycale, and the analogy with peroxysesterterpenes of hadromerid sponges is dear (see above). 

Papadopoulu, C. and E.M. Kassimati. 1977. Stable elements in skeletal formations of fish species from Greek waters. Thai. Jugoslavia 13 187-192. 

Folkloric medicine has led many scientists to discover important plant-derived medicines. It has been known for some time that the seeds of several Annonaceous species have an emetic property (Morton, 1987). Eli Lilly, Inc. in 1898 sold a fluid extract made from paw paw seeds A. triloba) for inducing emesis (Anonymous, 1898). Folkloric uses of Annonaceous species also suggest pesticidal properties. The Thai people use extracts of Annona squamosa, A. muricata,A. cherimolia, and A. reticulata for the treatment of head lice (Chumsri, 1995). For this, 10 to 15 fresh leaves of A. squamosa L. are finely crushed and mixed with coconut oil, and the mixture is applied uniformly onto the head and washed off after 30 min. 

Last spring, I missed a few of the best gardening days to visit the National Academy of Sciences in Washington, D.C. There, Dr. Barbara Schaal spoke about her studies with rice weeds. In collaboration with colleagues in Chiang Mai, Thailand, Schaal s research team found that a wild rice species can cross-hybridize with domesticated non-GE rice at a low frequency resulting in a hybrid variety of rice (Schaal 2007). The hybrids do not thrive in the wild because the wild rice species is better adapted and therefore quickly dominate the hybrids. For Thai farmers, however, the hybrids create a weedy nuisance. The weeds are hard to remove because the seeds shatter and build up in the soil leading to more weeds the next season. Yields of the rice crop decline proportionately with the increase in weeds. 

Visoottiviseth, P., Francesconi, K., and Sridokchan, W. 2002. The potential of Thai indigenous plant species for the phytoremediation of arsenic contaminated land. Environmental Pollution, 118 453-61. 

A new epoxy-bridged cembranoid diterpene 49 possessing antifouling activity was reported from an unidentified Thai soft coral species of the Sarcophyton genus, whose structure was assigned by NMR and NMR experiments. Two new cembranoids, 50 and 51, which showed cytotoxic activity on ehrlichacities tumor... 

Sunnmarized in Fig. 3B and C is the effect of SO2 on the presence of these adsorbed species. It is evident (Fig. 3B) thai oxidation in the presence of small amounts of SO2 drastically decreases the lime and temperature required to rentove tlie adstirbed species, bui does not selectively remove unique type of adsorbed species. Fig. 3C also shows ihe effect of SO2 in the presence of the n-pciuanc/C>2 flow. After the same time-on-stream and in the same reaction conditions, but in the presence of SO2, a smaller amount of strongly adsorbed species is found (compare Fig. 3C with specirum/of Fig. 2B). 

Lewis acid 169. It was also shown that low temperatures increase the amount o chiral titanium Lewis acid 164. At 265.2 K a ratio of 169 164 = 1 2.85 and at 320. K of 1 1.67 was found. Furthermore, from the NMR spectra it seems evident thai the chiral Lewis acid 164 exists as a single species even under high pressure up tc 210 MPa. 

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